Insecticide mixture

During a decanting operation of chloropicrin/propargyl bromide insecticide mixture, a very violent detonation took place when it came into contact with a pump that heated up accidentally. Note that this risk seems rather obvious since propargyl bromide (see NFRA stability code 4 see also halogen derivatives ) is as unstable as chloropicrin. 

An insecticidal mixture in a rail-tank exploded with great violence during pump-transfer operations, possibly owing to the pump running dry and overheating. Both components of the mixture are explosive and the mixture was also found to be shock- and heat-sensitive. 

In non-saline sediments aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters carboxylic acids, uronic acid aldoses chloroaliphatics haloaromatics chlorophenols chloroanisoles polychlorobiphenyls polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins poychlorodibenzofurans various organosulphur compounds, chlorinated insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides mixtures of organic compounds triazine herbicides arsenic and organic compounds of mercury and tin. 

Triazine herbicides Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides Multiherbicide-insecticide mixtures Humic and fulvic acids Optical whiteners Mixtures of organic 1 1.2.1(n/s) 11.2.2(n/s) 1 l.2.6(n/s) 10.1.3.3(s) ... 

Extraction Procedure. We modified the extraction procedure of Nelson et al (10). Brie acidified with 2 ml of 5% trichloracetic acid (TCA) was extracted 3 times with 20 ml of petroleum ether. The combined extracts were reduced to 5 ml in a rotating evaporator, returned to the separatory funnel, and combined with 60 ml each of acetonitrile and distilled water. The acetonitrile-water-insecticide mixture was extracted twice with 60 ml of petroleum ether and anhydrous Na2S04 was added to the combined 120 ml extract. The extract was evaporated just to dryness and the residue was dissolved in benzene for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Extraction efficiencies in spiked experiments were 73% (aldrin) and 83% (dieldrin). 

The Problem To get rid of a nasty strain of root worm, an insecticide mixture should have a concentration that s 9 percent insecticide. A farmer has two mixtures on hand — one with 5 percent insecticide and the other with 15 percent insecticide. What is the ratio of the 5 percent to 15 percent mixtures that should be combined to get a 9 percent mixture If the farmer needs 40 gallons of mixture, how many gallons of each should she use ... 

Van den Brink P.J., Crum, S.J., Gylstra, R., Bransen, F., Cuppen, J.G. and Brock, T.C. (2009) Effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture in freshwater microcosms risk assessment and ecological effect chain. Environ Pollut, 157, 237-249. 

Fairchild, J.F., Lapoint, T.W. and Schwartz, T.R. (1994) Effects of an herbicide and insecticide mixture in aquatic mesocosms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 27, 527-533. 

Sibley P.K., Chappel, M.J., George, T.K., Solomon, K.R. and Liber, K. (2000) Integrating effects of stressors across levels of biological organization example using organophosphorus insecticide mixtures in field-level exposures./Ecosyst Stress Recov, 7, 117-130. 

Eight gallons of each spray solution were applied per application. The calculated amount of DDT sprayed was 5.6 pounds per acre over the test area. Because of analytical difficulties, the calculated amount of diazinon could not be determined. During the 1964 season, when one application of insecticide mixture was made, the spray solution was found to contain 0.25 pound of DDT and 0.125 pound of ethion per gallon. Eight gallons of the spray solution were applied 2 pounds of DDT and 1 pound of ethion per acre. 

The use of selected insecticide mixtures should retard resistance development because it should be more difficult for an insect to develop several adaptations simultaneously. The concept of joint use of insecticides assumes that the mechanisms of resistance to each member chemical exist in such low frequencies that they do not occur together in any single individual in the population. Thus, insects that may survive one of the chemicals are killed by the other. This approach delays resistance in laboratory experiments and has been, at least temporarily, successful in a few field cases, particularly with certain organo-phosphate combinations (Hopkins and Moore, 1980). The use of insecticide mixtures is not without problems. Resistance to both compounds used in mixtures has sometimes developed rapidly. Cross-resistance also occurs among some of the pesticides. 

Figure 5. Scan of five different concentrations of an organophosphorus insecticide mixture (A) dimethoate, (B) mevinphos, (C) Dasanit, (D) malathion, (E) carbophenothion...

BPR [FMC], TM for insecticidal mixture containing varying proportions of pyrethrin, pipero-nyl butoxide, and rotenone in liquid or dust base. 

Use Wet-grinding of pigments and sulfur preparation of ceramic glazes, oil-well drilling muds, insecticidal mixtures, carbon black in rubber, and water-insoluble dyes. 

PBO is usually applied at a dose that on its own is sublethal to the target species, in combination with a known toxicant whose performance is so enhanced that it too is applied at a rate which on its own would be sublethal. The assumption is that PBO interferes with processes in the organism, enabling the toxicant to be less readily degraded prior lo reaching its site of tiction. But PBO on its own can exhibit toxic effects, and so at sublethal doses is likely to exert some stress on the insect. This in rum would improve the potency of the mixture without needing to affect metabolism of the insecticide directly. In the insecticidal mixture, when both components are applied at intrinsically sub-lethal rates, could each be contributing equally to the observed lethal effect, or could that effect be attributable to PBO enhancement by the known insecticide rather than vice versa ... 

According to available theoretical work (.3,4.) insecticide mixtures can potentially delay resistance very substantially compared to the continuous or alternate use of single compounds. There are, however, several key conditions to be met for mixtures to achieve maximum effect. In particular ... 

CCRIS 7916 EINECS 215-329-7 HSDB 1143 Methyl naphthalene Methyl naphthalene (molten) Methylated naphthalenes Methyinaftalen Methyinaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Methylnaphthalenes, liquid Methyl-naphthalenes, solid Methyinapthalene Naphthalene, methyl-. Mixture of a- and p-isomers. Has been used as an insecticide. Mixture of isomers of methyinaphthalene. 

Prior to application of spray formulations, spray adjuvants are typically added to the insecticide mixture to enhance the efficacy of the active ingredient. Spray adjuvants include surfactants, compounds that impart adhesion and viscoelasticity to spray droplets (e.g., latex), compounds that provide protection from ultraviolet light and reduce volatilization, and activators. The coapplication of these compounds affects organophosphorus insecticide dissipation and transfer to surface runoff Some adjuvants and formulation ingredients are toxicologically significant themselves (e.g., nonylphenol ethoxylates). 

Figure 7. Inhibition profiles for paraoxon and organophosphorus insecticide mixture. Data points are means, n = 3...

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