Synergistic combination

We can only hypothesize that there are multiple reasons for recorded biofilm responses to biocides. It is recognized that biocide efficacy depends on several factors including transportation, adsorption, diffusion, penetration, and interaction at the target site. The differences in biocide efficacy also depend on the mode of action, chemical constitution and chemico-physical properties of biocide as well as on the chemistry of the medium and conditions of biocide application. Depending on the nature of a biocide, any of these parameters could be of major importance (Brown and Gilbert, 1993 Brown and Gilbert, 1995). 

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Ascorbic acid also forms soluble chelate complexes with iron (142—145). It seems ascorbic acid has no effect on high iron levels found in people with iron overload (146). It is well known, in fact, that ascorbic acid in the presence of iron can exhibit either prooxidant or antioxidant effects, depending on the concentration used (147). The combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid may enhance the iron load in aging populations. Iron overload may be the most important common etiologic factor in the development of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and possibly other disorders. The synergistic combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid needs further study, particularly because the iron overload produced may be correctable (147). 

Plastics and Synthetic Products. To prevent degradation of plastics at elevated processing temperatures, it is necessary to use suitable heat stabilizers. Eor example, flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) manifests uncontroUed color development in the absence of stabilizers. Accordingly, cadmium salts of organic acids are typically used in a synergistic combination with corresponding barium salts, in about a 1 3 cadmium barium ratio, to provide a cost-competitive heat stabilizer for flexible PVC. 

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the synergistic combination of two powerful analytic techniques. The gas chromatograph separates the components of a mixture in time, and the mass spectrometer provides information that aids in the structural identification of each component. The gas chromatograph, the mass spectrometer, and the interface linking these two instruments are described in this chapter. 

The flotation of sulfidic, oxidic, and salt-type ores and, in special cases, silicate ores can be improved by the use of ether carboxylates as collectors [221,222]. In particular, the flotation of fluorite, barite, and scheelite is mentioned. Special synergistic combinations of ether carboxylates with fatty acids [223] and with vinyl- or alkylsulfonic acid polymer [224] are described. 

WO 9 407 892 (SmithKline Beecham appl. 28.9.1993 GB-prior. 30.9.1992). synergistic combination with interferon ... 

It is important to recognize that different types of inhibitors often function by different mechanisms, and that a given antioxidant may react in more than one way. Thus, a material that acts as an antioxidant under one set of conditions may become a pro-oxidant in another simation. The search for possible synergistic combinations of antioxidants can be conducted more logically and efficiently if we seek to combine the effects of different modes of action. Five general modes of oxidation inhibition are commonly recognized ... 

Heteropoly acids can be synergistically combined with phase-transfer catalysis in the so-called Ishii-Venturello chemistry for oxidation reactions such as oxidation of alcohols, allyl alcohols, alkenes, alkynes, P-unsaturated acids, vic-diols, phenol, and amines with hydrogen peroxide (Mizuno et al., 1994). Recent examples include the epoxidations of alkyl undecylenates (Yadav and Satoskar, 1997) and. styrene (Yadav and Pujari, 2000). 

Finally, it can be envisaged that the future development of novel bio-nanohybrids will lead to new improved properties and multifunctionality derived from the synergistic combination of nanosized inorganic solids, with different structural and textural features, with molecular or even highly organized species of biological origin that are extraordinarily abundant in Nature. 

Significant improvements in yields or reaction conditions can be achieved, together with considerable simplification of operating procedures. The powerful synergistic combination of PTC and microwave techniques has certainly enabled an ever increasing number of reactions to be conducted under clean and mild conditions. The inherent simplicity of the method can, furthermore, be allied with all the advantages of solvent-free procedures in terms of reactivity, selectivity, economy, safety, and ease in manipulation. 

Liu RH. 2003. Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Chn Nutr 78(3 Suppl) 517S-520S. 

Synergistic combinations may produce better results in infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in certain infections caused by Enterococcus spp. 

A synergistic combination of Pd-catalyzed amination and arylation was the central operation of Sakamoto s synthesis of carbolines [147]. Diarylamine 187 was first installed via the Buchwald-Hartwig amination protocol. Subsequent intramolecular Heck-like arylation of 187 provided a novel route to a-carboline 188. 

Requirements at Entrance and the Curriculum Framework. The curriculum Is rather simple and straightforward. Formal entry requires a Master s degree In a field within the natural sciences, engineering, or public health. Preferably the Master s would Include a strong, Independent thesis effort. The Intent of this requirement Is to Insure that the student have (and retain) competence within an established discipline. Students are carefully selected from applicants on the basis of prior performance, test scores, recommendations, and Interviews, and thus with a goal of selecting synergistic combinations of Intellect, aptitude, and motivation likely to lead to success. 

The most common chain extenders are the dianhydrides (also known as tetracar-boxylic dianhydrides). The most common of these is pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The latter can be used in synergistic combinations with hindered phenolic aromatic phosphates such as IRGANOX 1425 manufactured by Ciba Geigy [6-8], The hindered phenolic aromatic phosphate is used at levels of 0.1-2.5 wt%. The hindered phenolic aromatic phosphate is an advantageous co-synergist since it... 

Interactions may take place in the toxicokinetic phase and/or in the toxicodynamic phase. The interactions may result in either a weaker (antagonistic) or stronger (potentiated, synergistic) combined effect than would be expected from knowledge about the toxicity and mode of action of each individual compound. 

Kavallieratos, K., Moyer, B. A., Attenuation of Hofmeister bias in ion-pair extraction by a disulfonamide anion host used in strikingly effective synergistic combination with a calix-crown Cs+ host, Chem. Commun., 1620-1621, 2001. 

Bokkering J, DamenF, Huylscher Met al. Biochemical evidence for synergistic combination treatment with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematol Blood Transfus 1990 33 110-117. 

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