Soil environment

Agronomic Properties and Nutrient Release Mechanisms. The mechanism of nutrient release from SCU is by water penetration through micropores and imperfections, ie, cracks or incomplete sulfur coverage, ia the coating. This is followed by a rapid release of the dissolved urea from the core of the particle. When wax sealants are used, a dual release mechanism is created. Microbes ia the soil environment must attack the sealant to reveal the imperfections ia the sulfur coating. Because microbial populations vary with temperature, the release properties of wax-sealed SCUs are also temperature dependent. 

Kittrick, J. A. (1977). Mineral equilibria and the soil system. In "Minerals in Soil Environments" (J. B. 

FIGURE 7.15 Transport and transformation of toxic chemicals in soil environments (left) and water environments... 

The use of biodegradation for the treatment of dilute waste streams has already been discussed it also has potential for in-situ treatment. The critical need is to learn how to select and control microorgarrisms in a soil environment to achieve the desired degradation of organics. 

Mukeijee S, Ellenson WD, Lewis RG, et al. 1997. An enviromnental scoping study in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas- III. Residential microenviromnental monitoring for air, house dust, and soil. Environ Int 23 657-673. 

Davies, W.J., Schurr, U., Taylor, G. Zhang, J. (1987). Hormones as chemical signals involved in root to shoot communication of effects of changes in the soil environment. In Hormone Action in Plant Development - A Critical Appraisal, ed. G.U. Hoad, M.B. Jackson, J.R. Lenton and R. Atkin, pp. 201-6. London Butterworths. 

The objectives of the soil persistence experiments were (1) to learn the effect of soil type and concentration on the TCDD degradation rate, (2) to isolate and characterize degradation products from DCDD and TCDD, and (3) to determine whether chlorodioxins could be formed from chlorophenol condensation in the soil environment. This last study was essential since quality control at the manufacturing level could reduce or eliminate the formed dioxin impurity. But the biosynthesis of chlorodioxins by chlorophenol condensation in the soil environment could not be controlled and would have connotations for all chlorophenol-de-rived pesticides if formation did occur. The same question needed to be answered for photochemical condensation reactions leading to chloro-... 

A survey of TCDD content in 2,4,5-T samples (I) revealed that levels of 30—40 ppm TCDD were not uncommon before 1969. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to expect residue in the soil environment within the surface 36 inches of soil at the two higher treatment rates. The fact... 

Pavlostathis SG, Mathavan GN. 1992. Application of headspace analysis for the determination of volatile organic compounds in contaminated soils. Environ Technol 13 23-33. 

Yagi 0, Uchiyama H, Iwasaki K. 1992. Biodegradation rate of chloroethylene in soil environment. Water Sci Technol 25 419-424. 

Lagadec AJM, DJ Miller, AV Lilke, SB Hawthorne (2000) Pilot-scale subcritical water remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- and pesticide-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 34 1542-1548. 

Lovley DR, JC Woodward (1992) Consumption of freons CFC-11 and CFC-12 by anaerobic sediments and soils. Environ Sci Technol 26 925-929. 

Buser H-R, MD Muller, ME Balmer (2002) Environmental behavionr of the chiral acetamide pesticide metalaxyl enantioselective degradation and chiral stability in soil. Environ Sci Technol 36 221-226. 

Carmichael LM, RF Christman, FK Pfaender (1997) Desorption and mineralization kinetics of phenanthrene and chysene in contaminated soils. Environ Sci Technol 31 126-132. 

Guthrie EA, FK Pfaender (1998) Reduced pyrene bioavailability in microbially active soils. Environ Sci Tech-nol 32 501-508. 

Rijnaarts HHM, A Bachmann, JC Jumelet, AJB Zehnder (1990) Effect of desorption and intraparticle mass transfer on the aerobic biomineralization of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in a contaminated calcareous soil. Environ Sci Technol 24 1349-1354. 

Howard PH, S Banerjee (1984) Interpreting results from biodegradability tests of ehemicals in water and soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 3 551-562... 

Mortensen SKL, CS Jacobsen (2004) Influence of frozen storage on herbicide degradation capacity in surface and subsurface sandy soils. Environ Sci Technol 38 6625-6632. 

Mulroy, PT, L-T Ou (1998) Degradation of tetraethyllead during the degradation of leaded gasoline hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 777-782. 

Alexander M (1995b) How toxic are toxic chemicals in soil Environ Sci Technol 29 2713-2717. 

White C, A Quinones-Rivera, M Alexander (1998) Effect of wetting and drying on the bioavailability of organic compounds sequestered in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 2378-2382. 

Cajthaml T, V Sasek (2005) Application of supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) to predict bioremediation efficiency of long-term composting of PAH-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 39 8448-8452. 

Lueders T, B Wagner, P Claus, MW Friedrich (2004a) Stable isotope probing of rRNA and DNA reveals a dynamic methylotroph community and trophic interactions with fungi and protozoa in oxic rice field soil. Environ Microbiol 6 60-72. 

Chung N, M Alexander (1998) Differences in sequestration and bioavailability of organic compounds aged in different soils. Environ Sci Technol 32 855-860. 

Davis MW, JA Glaser, JW Evans, RT Lamer (1993) Field evaluation of the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete sordida to treat creosote-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 27 2572-2576. 

Madsen T, P Kristensen (1997) Effects of bacterial inoculation and nonionic surfactants on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 16 631-637. 

Noordman WH, W Ji, ML Briusseau, DB Janssen (1998) Effects of rhamnolipid biosurfactants on removal of phenanthrene from soil. Environ Sci Technol 32 1806-1812. 

Tiehm A, M Stieber, P Werner, FM Frimmel (1997) Surfactant-enhanced mobilization and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in manufactured gas plant soil. Environ Sci Technol 31 2570-2576. 

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