Legal regulations

The business quality dimension. This is the extent to which the business services the needs of society. Customers are not only interested in the quality of particular products and services but judge suppliers by the general level of quality products they provide and continuity of supply, their care of the environment, and their adherence to health, safety, and legal regulations. 

Important legal regulations for pigments are primarily connected with food packaging, consumer goods and toys. In this context two general principles must be considered [4] ... 

APEOs are used in domestic and industrial applications. They are applied as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants or solubilisers. APEO derived from nonylphenol (NP), i.e. nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) comprises about 80% of the total market volume, while octylphenol-derived surfactants (OPEOs) account for 15-20%. Because of the persistence and toxicity of some degradation intermediates, their use has been reduced in several countries either through voluntary bans by the chemical industry or by legal regulations. However, excellent properties in combination with comparably low production costs hampers their complete replacement with other more environmentally acceptable alternatives. 

Normally the legal regulations are interpreted as a set of wastewater limits that have to be kept, but in fact the situation is more complex and at present a complex structure of actions has been defined and has described useful strategies to improve an actual situation. 

Controlled disposal of toxic substances in compliance with legal regulations. 

Quantitatively limited substances Are legal regulations concerning limited amounts of specific substances observed ... 

The maximum permitted temperature for the production of process flavours is around 180 °C, as defined by legal regulations, but in general, the temperatures actually used are much lower in order to be able to reach a broad variety of different flavour profiles, such as cooked, boiled, fried, roasted and shallow-fried notes. The pressure during the reaction is usually below 10 bar (10,000 hPa). 

In Japan, the principal legal regulations dealing with feed additives and veterinary drugs is the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law established in 1960. Table 11.10 summarizes the compounds currently regulated as medicinal or feed additives by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and the Law Concerning Safety Assurance and Quality Improvement of Feed in Japan (74). 

Such residues are, despite reduced application to plants and the cultivation of parasite-resistant plants, unavoidable, and for food-use, are controlled in most countries or under legal regulations, respectively. For the reduction or removal of such residues only solvents such as CO2 can be used, which are harmless and do not remain in the food. 

Fig. 2.22. Range of applications of different refrigerants taking legal regulations into account. Prohibition of R13B1 (Halon) and of products containing R22 effective January 1,2000.

Many mycotoxins become concentrated in the meat and milk of animals and can pose a threat to human health. For instance, Denmark has legal regulations for maximum levels of ochratoxin in pig meat (no similar regulation appears to exist for poultry meat). When levels reach 10-15 pg/kg (ppb) in liver or in kidney, these organs are condemned, and when levels exceed 25pg/kg (ppb), the entire carcass is condemned. These limits have been set because of the link between ochratoxin and human kidney disease (Devegowda et al., 1998). 

All the costs are multiplied many times for public certification authorities selling their services to general public, which are subject to various legal regulations. 

Fig. 2 The traceability system for gas analysis in Germany is composed of three chains, one for the legally regulated area via verification authorities, one for the non-regulated area via DKD-accredited calibration laboratories and one for the air pollution monitoring networks. Here the national reference level consists of PTB, BAM and UBA (cf. text) which share the responsibility for the national measurement standards needed, according to agreements with PTB...

The national standards for the various fields in which gas analysis is of importance are provided by BAM and UBA. PTB s contribution is the type approval of gas analytical measuring instruments whose metrological control is required by the legal regulations. 

Legal Regulations Applying to the Use of Bioassays in Environmental Monitoring. . 201... 

In practice, the classical analytical methods used to assess the degree of environmental pollution are intended for the determination of only a limited number of chemical compounds (or groups of compounds), that is, those whose presence in the environment and permitted levels of concentration are regulated for environmental protection. Present legal regulations do not take the following into account3 ... 

The stipulations of the WFD, concerning the obligation to carry out monitoring, provide legal regulations for 172 priority pollutants.1 4 However, it has been estimated that there may be some 100,000 substances (in different and varying concentrations) in the aquatic environment. This means that the vast majority (>99%) of pollutants are not covered by chemical monitoring.78... 

LEGAL REGULATIONS APPLYING TO THE USE OF BIOASSAYS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING... 

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