Mineralized fibers textiles

Chrysotile is the asbestos-type most suitable for asbestos textiles. Only about 0.8% of the raw mtiterial is spinnable. In the manufacture of asbestos textile products, so-called carrier fibers (cotton or synthetic fibers) have to be added to achieve the required strength. These reduce the maximum operating temperature of the textiles from the ca. 480°C of yarn consisting of 99 to 1()09( asbe.stos, the temperature reduction being a function of the carrier fiber-content. Asbestos-free mineral fiber textiles arc generally used in the high temperature sector. 

For example, in bulk appHcations as thermal insulation, synthetic mineral fibers (glass or slag fibers) have adequately replaced natural asbestos fibers. In sprayed insulation coatings, asbestos fibers have been replaced, for example, by vermicuhte. As replacement for asbestos textiles, clothing made from aramid fibers or aluminized glass fibers is being offered (see High PERFORMANCE FIBERS). 

Peto, J. (1980). The incidence of pleural mesothelioma in chrysotilc asbestos textile workers, pp. 703-771. In Biological Effects of Mineral Fibers, Vol. 2, WHO/... 

Martoglio et al. (75, 16) and Jakes et al. (77) used microspectroscopy to find evidence of dyes, but the results were inconclusive due to the small sample size, and the lack of a comparative dye plant collection and associated spectra. Sibley and Jakes (18) researched the colored textiles of Etowah burial 57. Since it contained no iron, the iron-containing minerals that are thought of as ochre1 could not have been the source of the colorant. Furthermore, the researchers found organic bands in infrared spectra of these fibers that revealed not only the proteinaceous nature of the mineralized fibers, but also other bands that were attributed to dye. 

Comparison of Mineralized Fiber Spectra to Archaeological Textiles... 

Infrared photography, 25 Infrared spectra examination comparative modem plant and animal fibers, 52-54/ fiber and particulate residues from archaeological textiles, 44-77 Inorganic mineral pigments, textile fibers, 19-21/... 

Asbestos constitutes several types of hydrated silicate mineral fibers. The types of asbestos, their chemical compositions, and CAS Numbers are presented in Table 3.8.1. These substances occur in nature in rocks, silicate minerals, fibrous stones, and underground mines. This class of substances exhibits unique properties of noncombustibility, high resistance to acids, and high tensile strength for which they were widely used in many products, including floor and roofing tiles, cement, textiles, ropes, wallboards, and papers. Because of the health hazards associated with excessive exposure to asbestos, the use of these substances is currently banned. 

Mineral fibers for the production of insulating materials are named after their. starting materials as glass or rock fibers and as refractory ceramic fibers. The names mineral, glass or rock wool are usually used, since they, in contrast to textile glass fibers, are produced as short, randomly oriented fibers. The end products are therefore known as mineral wool insulation materials. 

Mineral fibers are manufactured from silicate melts of appropriate composition. These melts are converted into fibers with considerably more efficient use of time and space than in the manufacture of textile glass fibers, since the melts are spun at much lower melt viscosities. After solidification the fibers consist of amorphous glasses (according to X-ray diffraction measurements) with... 

With the exception of glass and mineral fiber products, and, like rubbers and plastics, textiles are largely hydrocarbon polymers and as such have a strong tendency to ignite and burn from a small flame. Textiles are essentially sheets of woven, knitted, or sometimes randomly orientated fibers and may be directly used on their own or in combination with other materials, e.g., coated fabrics, or as reinforcement, e.g., in rubber hoses. Other examples of textile products are upholstered furniture and protective clothing. 

Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Jr (1995) Textile and shoe dermatitis. In Rietschel Rl, Fowler JF jr (eds) Fisher s Contact Dermatitis. Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 366-367 Ruegger M (1996) Are artificial mineral fibers harmful to health and unsuitable for asbestos substitute. Schweiz Rundschau Med Prax 85 961-966... 

Almost all windable webs can be used as a carrier material in the calender coating process. The commonly used carriers are paper, cardboard, fabrics, glass and mineral fiber fabrics. Also, temperature and tension-sensitive carriers, such as polymer-based textile fabrics, can be used as a carrier material. Possible articles produced by calender coating are, for example, different t5q>es of wallpapers, book binding materials, coated textiles, multi-layer structures and technical coatings [1]. 

In the hydrogen electrode, usually platinum is applied as electrode material on account of its outstanding catalytic capabilities and its chemical stability. It mostly is Teflon bonded or covered by microporous Teflon membranes (plastic net in Fig. 1.33) to make the surface hydrophobic and so prevent the formation of thicker layers of water that would hinder gas access. The electrolyte is immobilized by soaking fiber felts or knitted textiles of mineral fibers (fuel-cell-grade asbestos paper) or zircon fibers stabilized with yttrium (Zircar cloth). They provide high temperature resistance and chemical resistance for long-life batteries. 

Mineral fillers and mineral fibers also increase temperature resistance. Phenolic resin-bound textile non-wovens exhibit excellent properties regarding changing climatic conditions, aging behavior, and thermal resistance compared to other insulation materials (PUR, PS foams, crosslinked PE). 

Textile fibers are normally broken down into two main classes, natural and man-made fibers. All fibers which come from natural sources (animals, plants, etc.) and do not require fiber formation or reformation are classed as natural fibers. Natural fibers include the protein fibers such as wool and silk, the cellulose fibers such as cotton and linen, and the mineral fiber asbestos. Man-made fibers are fibers in which either the basic chemical units have been formed by chemical synthesis followed by fiber formation or the polymers from natural sources have been dissolved and regenerated after passage through a spinneret to form fibers. Those fibers made by chemical synthesis are often called synthetic fibers, while fibers regenerated from natural polymer sources are called regenerated fibers or natural polymer fibers. In other words, all synthetic fibers and regener-... 

The most important fiber material among the mineral fibers is asbestos (AS), which had been used as early as 2500 years ago. The largest mining areas can be found in Russia (46% market share), China and Kazakhstan (16% each), Brazil (10%), and Canada (8%). The fibers are extracted from rocks and can be spun into yarns. The yarns can then be processed into wovens, knits, and other textile fabrics. The fibers can also be added to other materials such as concrete and are very suitable for insulation (Kiilter et al, 1990a). 

Temperature and humidity are conditions promoting biodamaging of fibrous materials. The comparison of requirements to biological resistance of textile materials shall be based on the features of every type of fibers, among which mineral fiber are most biologically resistant. 

The effect of process conditions on rim thickness of the textile roller of PBT with mineral fiber... 

Advanced composites and fiber-reinforced materials are used in sailcloth, speedboat, and other types of boat components, and leisure and commercial fishing gear. A ram id and polyethylene fibers are currentiy used in conveyer belts to collect valuable offshore minerals such as cobalt, uranium, and manganese. Constmction of oil-adsorbing fences made of high performance fabrics is being evaluated in Japan as well as the constmction of other pollution control textile materials for maritime use. For most marine uses, the textile materials must be resistant to biodeterioration and to a variety of aqueous pollutants and environmental conditions. 

Composites. The history of phenoHc resin composites goes back to the early development of phenoHc materials, when wood flour, minerals, and colorants were combined with phenoHc resins to produce mol ding compounds. In later appHcations, resin varnishes were developed for kraft paper and textile fabrics to make decorative and industrial laminates. Although phenoHcs have been well characterized in glass-reinforced composites, new developments continue in this area, such as new systems for Hquid-injection molding (LIM) and sheet-molding compounds (SMC). More compHcated composite systems are based on aramid and graphite fibers. 

Sorbitan oleate and the monolaurate are pale yeUow Hquids. Palmitates and stearates are light tan soHds. Sorbitan esters are not soluble in water but dissolve in a wide range of mineral and vegetable oils. They are lipophilic emulsifiers, solubiHzers, softeners, and fiber lubricants that find appHcation in synthetic fiber manufacture, textile processing, and cosmetic products. Sorbitan esters have been approved for human ingestion and are widely used as emulsifiers and solubiHzers in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. 

Capillary Flow Moisture which is held in the interstices of solids, as liquid on the surface, or as free moisture in cell cavities, moves by gravity and capiUarity, provided that passageways for continuous flow are present. In diying, liquid flow resulting from capiUarity appUes to liquids not held in solution and to aU moisture above the fiber-saturation point, as in textiles, paper, and leather, and to all moisture above the equiUbrium moisture content at atmospheric saturations, as in fine powders and granular solids, such as paint pigments, minerals, clays, soU, and sand. 

To produce composites, a binder rather than a size is usually required. A variety of high-temperature, high-strength compounds now available facilitate comparability of the fibers with matrix compounds. Insulation fibrous glass has been paired with phenol formaldehyde resins and a mineral oil lubricant. The binder may be up to 12 percent by weight of the final product (Barnhart, 1976). The composite compositions are discretely different from those of textiles in which fiber coatings are usually less than 0.5 percent of the total. 

This textile fiber is the first man-made organic textile fiber prepared wholly from new material from the mineral kingdom. Though wholly fabricated from such common raw material as coal, water, and air, nylon can be fashioned into filaments as strong as steel, as fine as spider s web, yet more elastic than any of the common natural fibers. 

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