Industrial laminate

Phenol—formaldehyde resins are used as mol ding compounds (see Phenolic resins). Their thermal and electrical properties allow use in electrical, automotive, and kitchen parts. Other uses for phenol—formaldehyde resins include phenoHc foam insulation, foundry mold binders, decorative and industrial laminates, and binders for insulating materials. 

Early laminates tended to be small because available presses were small, and their original uses were to replace small parts such as the natural mica insulator boards used in radio chasses. As decorative laminates evolved from industrial laminates and the size grew to serve markets such as tabletops, countertops, and wall paneling, laminate dimensions tended to fall into the typical building module ratio of about two length to one cross, such as 2 x 4s,... 

The commonly used resins in the manufacture of decorative and industrial laminates ate thermosetting materials. Thermosets ate polymers that form cross-linked networks during processing. These three-dimensional molecules ate of essentially infinite size. Theoretically, the entire cured piece could be one giant molecule. The types of thermosets commonly used in laminates ate phenoHcs, amino resins (melamines), polyesters, and epoxies. 

The most commonly used reinforcement for high pressure decorative and industrial laminates is paper (qv). The strong substrate layers, or filler, are kraft paper. Kraft is a brown paper made from a sulfate pulp process (8). It consists of both short cellulose fibers from hardwoods and long fibers from conifers. The long fibers impart most of the wet strength required for resin saturation processes. 

Other reinforcements that may be used in the substrate layers of decorative laminates and throughout the stmcture of industrial laminates are woven fabrics of glass or canvas and nonwoven fabrics of various polymeric monofilaments such as polyester, nylon, or carbon fibers. Woven and nonwoven fabrics tend to be much stronger than paper and have much more uniform strength throughout the x—y plane. They greatly enhance properties of laminates such as impact and tear strength. 

The properties of standard grades of high pressure decorative laminates manufactured are shown in Table 1. Tables 2 and 3 show properties of industrial laminates (12,13). 

Table 2. Performance Properties of 3.2-mm Thick Industrial Laminates ...

Aesthetic properties are of greatest concern in decorative laminates. These include gloss, appearance, cleanabiUty, wear resistance, stain resistance, and other surface properties. Physical properties are of most importance for industrial laminates. These include strength, electrical and thermal properties, expansion coefficient, and punchabiUty. The definitions of the laminate grades in these standards foUow. 

Composites. The history of phenoHc resin composites goes back to the early development of phenoHc materials, when wood flour, minerals, and colorants were combined with phenoHc resins to produce mol ding compounds. In later appHcations, resin varnishes were developed for kraft paper and textile fabrics to make decorative and industrial laminates. Although phenoHcs have been well characterized in glass-reinforced composites, new developments continue in this area, such as new systems for Hquid-injection molding (LIM) and sheet-molding compounds (SMC). More compHcated composite systems are based on aramid and graphite fibers. 

Specifications for distribution fu.se disconnecting switches, fuse supports and current limiting fuses Industrial laminated thermo setting products... 

Used as lamination resins for various industrial laminates... 

Other. Laminated plastic (industrial laminate), sandwich molding, filled plastic, cellular plastic, glass reinforced plastic (GRP), carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). 

In order to impregnate paper, wood and other fillers, nearly 10-15 per cent of the phenolic resins is produced as alcoholic solutions. These find use for decorative purposes for counter tops and wall coverings and industrial laminates of electrical parts. 

A Molding with transfer and compression process, costing Used as lamination resins for various industrial laminates... 

Industrial laminates - [LAMINATED MATERIALS, PLASTIC] (Vol 14) -phenolics [PHENOLIC RESINS] (Vol 18)... 

Melamine resins found a wider range of uses, including tableware (cups, saucers, plates), and in decorative and industrial laminates. One might think that melamine tableware never was likely to rival bone china in delicacy and appeal but it was attractive enough for the canteen, kitchen, or nursery, and less fragile even than delft or unglazed earthenware. The mouldings were available in a variety of opaque and translucent colours, and for a time enjoyed considerable popularity. 

It has been established that o-cresol-based o-cresol-formaldehyde resins have proved to be very effective as addition/substitution products in more popular phenol-formaldehyde resins for industrial laminates (printed circuit board), etc. 

P. M. Subramanian, Conference Proceedings - Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry, Laminations and Coating Conference, 341 (1984). 

Canvas A closely woven cloth of flax, hemp, or cotton, which is sometimes used in industrial laminated plastics. It usually represents fabric weighing more than 4 oz/yd (0.14 kg/m ). 

Structural Composites and Bulk Insulators Industrial laminates... 

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