Textile Fiber Preparations

Although textile fiber microemulsions used to contain roughly equal amounts of mineral oil and emulsifiers (sulfated triglycerides, alkanolamines and potassium soaps), more modem systems are based on thermally stable ester oils and mainly nonionic ethoxylated emulsifiers. Alkyl phosphate esters, sulfonated mineral oils and dialkyl sulfosuccinates are employed as antistatic agents.  

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This textile fiber is the first man-made organic textile fiber prepared wholly from new material from the mineral kingdom. Though wholly fabricated from such common raw material as coal, water, and air, nylon can be fashioned into filaments as strong as steel, as fine as spider s web, yet more elastic than any of the common natural fibers. 

The early promise of plastics manufactured from acid- and formaldehyde-treated isolated soy protein was never realized, for economic and functional reasons. Soy flour has seen significant use in glues for plywood and other laminated wood products. These have been displaced by petroleum-based glues that exhibit superior microbial and water resistance. Textile fibers prepared from soy isolate or flour never saw commercial production due to poor wet strength and an unpleasant odor when wet. Soy protein isolate is currently used in paper-coating applications (15, 16). 

The predominant cellulose ester fiber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatiUty, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial appHcation is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make it the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose. Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways better than cellulose acetate, it is of lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

Properties. As prepared, the polymer is not soluble in any known solvents below 200°C and has limited solubiUty in selected aromatics, halogenated aromatics, and heterocycHc Hquids above this temperature. The properties of Ryton staple fibers are in the range of most textile fibers and not in the range of the high tenacity or high modulus fibers such as the aramids. The density of the fiber is 1.37 g/cm which is about the same as polyester. However, its melting temperature of 285°C is intermediate between most common melt spun fibers (230—260°C) and Vectran thermotropic fiber (330°C). PPS fibers have a 7 of 83°C and a crystallinity of about 60%. 

J. E. Netdes, Handbook of Chemical Specialties Textile Fiber Processing, Preparation, and B leaching,] ohxs Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1983, pp. 391—457. 

The diaminobenzenes are made from benzene by a combination chlorination-nitration route although para-phenylene diamine is also made directly from aniline. orr/to-Phenylene diamine is widely used for the preparation of biologically active compounds such as fungicides and veterinarian medicines. The mera-diamine is used in fire-retardant textile fibers ( Nomex ) while the / ara-diamine finds use in high-strength textile fibers used for bullet-proof vests, sails, army helmets, and other types of fiber-reinforced plastics ( Kevlar ). 

Preparation of ethylene glycol for antifreeze and synthetic textile fibers (60%), hospital sterilant (15%), surfactants (10%), other chemicals (10%). 

Virtually all of the nitrobenzene made is converted to aniline. The most important use of aniline is for the preparation of 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl methane (commonly called methylenedianiline or MDA), an intermediate to one of the main ingredients used to make polyurethane foams and rubber. Aniline is also used to make other rubber chemicals, textile fiber intermediates, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. 

The resins are substances derived mostly from vegetable sources some have been used as binders in the preparation of paints and varnishes, others as incense burned in ritual ceremonies, and a few, such as amber, have been used on their own, as semiprecious stones. It should be noted, however, that since the midtwentieth century the term resin has acquired a new meaning that of a synthetic pliable "plastic" material that can be shaped, mostly when hot. Synthetic resins are used mainly for packaging and for making textile fibers and automobile parts. In the discussion that follows the term resin is used to refer only to resins of natural origin (Serpico and White 2000a Parry 1918). 

The annual production of wool is approximately 1.2 million tons, which corresponds to a share of 2% of the total production of textile fibers. A simplified route for the preparation, dyeing, and finishing of woolen textiles is shown in Figure 3. 

Uses/Sources. Wood contains 50-70% cellulose cotton and other textile fibers of plant origin contain 65-95% rayon is prepared by dissolving natural cellulose and then precipitating it from solution, with some loss of crystallinity. Cellulose is made into cellophane film and is used to form fibers, resins, coatings and gums. 

Corrections of the apparent crystallinity values of fibers materials have been carried out by taking into account a disorder parameter k, following Ruland s method. Peculiar care was taken about samples preparation (cutting and pelleting of fibers), data collection and reduction, which will be briefly described. Crystallinity and disorder parameter measurements have been performed on main textile fibers (polyester, polyamide, aramid, polypropylene, cellulosic fibers) and the results will be discussed comparatively, with those got by more conventional x-ray crystallinity determinations. The complementarities of these different approaches will be illustrated with several examples. For instance,... 

However, electron diffraction, although frequently used for polymer single crystals studies, has seldom been applied to textile fibers, and particularly to ultrathin sections of those materieIs. (1,2) the majority of published papers dealing with electron diffraction of fibers is concerned with isolated fibrils or fragments prepared by mechanical milling. 

Cellulose is the main structural element of the cell walls of most plants and is also a major component of wood, as well as cotton and other textile fibers, such as linen and hemp. The history of cellulose is as old as that of humankind. For instance, fine clothes and cottons have been recovered from the tombs of the ancient kings of Egypt, the pharaohs. Today, cellulose and its derivatives are used in the industrial preparation of paper and also in the chemical industry as a stabilizer, dispersing agent, thickener, and gelling agent. Cellulose is also a component of dietary fiber. 

However, serious defects were soon apparent even in this system. After the six standard scales were prepared, requiring 33 dyes, the process of arriving at a reliable estimation of the degree of light fastness was very complicated and difficult because of the variations in color in the standards. Also, there was the difficulty that there was no uniformity of gradation in the standard dyeings with different textile fibers,... 

Fiber preparation ordinarily involves scouring to remove foreign material and ensure even access to dye hquor from the dye bath. The textile material generally needs a pretreatment before dyeing. Wool must be washed to remove wax and dirt and sometimes bleached. Cotton must be boiled and bleached to remove pectins and cotton seeds and is mercerized. Sizes and spinning oils must be eliminated [7]. 

For the purpose of conversion to textile fibers, dispersions or solutions of cellulose or its derivatives are achieved by various means, in order to make possible the extrusion of the fiber-forming material through the small orifices of the spinning jets. Wood pulps prepared for these and similar uses (such as the manufacture of cellophane) are known as dissolving pulps. The manufacture of dissolving pulps is a highly developed art, with processes protected by patents or, more effectively, within company files. The purification of sulfite pulps to a degree suitable for manufacture of textile rayon (90 to 94% alpha-cellulose), tire cord (94 to 9.5% alpha-cellulose), and cellulose acetate (9.5 to 90% alpha-cellulose) requires some kind of... 

Other Compounds Magenta and Basic Red 9 (CAS 569-61-9), a common constituent of Magenta, have been used to dye textile fibers, to prepare printing inks, and in biological stains. In workers engaged in the manufacture of Magenta, there was a marked excess of cancer of the urinary bladder. It is possible that the workers were also exposed to o-toluidine. Cl Basic Red 9 (Figure 30) was, however, an inducer of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice and rats after oral administration, and induced local sarcomas after subcutaneous administration. 

Use Cheese making, plastic items, paper coatings, water-dispersed paints for interior use, adhesives (especially for wood laminates), textile sizing, foods and feeds, textile fibers, dietetic preparations, binder in foundry sands. 

Use Lubricants, plasticizers, paint and varnish vehicles, gelling agents, urethane intermediates, adhesives, cross-linking agents, humectants, textile fiber finishes, functional fluids, surface-active agents, dispersants and emulsifiers in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic preparations. 

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