Biological resistances

Testing of Compostablllty of Plastics, retracted Plastics - Evaluation of the action of microorganisms 

Water quality - Evaluation of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in digested sludge - Method by measurement of the biogas production 

Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Method for determining the microbiological resistance by a soil burial test 

Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation - Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging (2000) 

Packaging - Evaluation of the disintegration of packaging materials in practical oriented tests under defined composting conditions 

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Chemically and biologically resistant Abrasion resistant well ventilated For gloves armlets, hats, bibs, spats, suits... 

Polymer modifications are intended to impute different, typically desired properties to the new modified material-properties such as enhanced thermal stability multiphase physical responses biological resistance, compatibility or degradability impact response flexibility rigidity etc. 

Fujimura, T., Ryu, J.Y., Imamura, Y., Furuno, T. and Jodai, S. (1993a). Improvement of the durability of wood with acryl-high-polymer VII. Biological resistance of acrylic-copolymer treated wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 39(9), 1042-1048. 

Imamura, Y., Subiyanto, B., Rowell, R.M. and Nilsson, T. (1989). Dimensional stability and biological resistance of particleboard from acetylated albizzia wood particles. Wood Research Kyoto, 76, 49-58. 

Rowell, R.M., Esenther, G.R., Nicholas, D.D. and Nilsson, T. (1987b). Biological resistance of southern pine and aspen flakeboards made from acetylated flakes. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 7(3), 427-440. 

Sailer, M., Rapp, A.O. and Peek, R.D. (1998). Biological resistance of wood treated with water-based resins and drying oils in a mini-block test. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. No. IRGAVP 98-10107. 

Timar, M.C., Mihai, M.D. and Baciu, G. (1997a). About the water and biological resistance of some new chemically modified wood composites. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP 97-40077. 

Timar, M.C., Pitman, A. and Mihai, M.D. (1999a). Biological resistance of chemically modified aspen composites. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 43(4), 181-187. 

Yusuf, S., Imamura, Y., Takahashi, M. and Minato, K. (1995a). Biological resistance of wood chemically modified with non-formaldehyde cross-linking agents. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 41(2), 163-169. 

Toxie and biologically resistant materials will require special consideration for their treatment. You will need to adjust the nutrient stream to aeeommodate the bacteria in the system and aid in the hydrolysis of the eompounds or even wash or chelate the toxic metals out of the way. In one waste stream where nitroalcohols were being treated, the system required 42 days of detention in order to provide sufficient dilution and residence time to allow speeialized enzymes to develop in the bacterial population. 

Most research on chemical modification of lignocellulosic materials has focused on improving either the dimensional stability or the biological resistance of wood. This paper reviews the research on these properties for wood and other lignocellulosic composites and describes opportunities to improve fire retardancy and resistance to ultraviolet degradation. 

We are in the process of producing fiberboards from various types of acetylated lignocellulosic fibers. Most of our research has been on pine or aspen particleboards or flakeboards, so the data presented here on dimensional stability and biological resistance come mainly from these types of boards. 

All laboratory tests for biological resistance conducted to this point show that acetylation is an effective means of reducing or eliminating attack by soft-, white-, and brown-rot fungi, tunneling bacteria, and subterranean termites. Tests are presently underway on several lignocellulosic composites in outdoor environments. 

Biological resistance Easily attacked by insects and fungi Resistance to termites and fungi Rowell, 1997... 

Getoff N. Radiation induced decomposition of biological resistant pollutants in water. Appl Radiat Isot 1986 37 1103-1109. 

Most of the research in the area of chemical modification of wood was conducted for improving either its dimensional stability or its biological resistance. Wood is made up primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Originally, chemical modification of wood was a chemical reaction between some reactive part of a wood component and a simple chemical reagent to form a covalent bond between the two [1]. The most abundant reactive sites in wood are the hydroxyl groups. The major important types of covalent bonds formed by chemical modification of wood are ethers and esters. The treated wood must still possess the desirable properties of wood. Past research work on the chemical modification of wood was reviewed extensively in 1975 [1] and 1984 [2] by Rowell. 

More recently, fiberboards have been made from acetylated bagasse fiber [58] and acetylated aspen fiber [59,60]. The fiberboards swelled at a much slower rate and to a lesser extent than control fiberboards [58], and their internal bond strength [58] and biological resistance [59] were greater. 

Surface oxidation processes have also been used as pretreatments for improving the bonding strength of adhesives. Brink et al. [9] reported that the wet bonding strength of plywoods or particleboards manufactured using phenol formaldehyde increased after pretreatment of wood with nitric acid. Mari et al. [10] also reported that nitric acid oxidation reduced the amount of isocyanate resin adhesive required to manufacture particleboard and improved the mechanical properties and biological resistance of boards. 

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