Strength requirements

Alternatively, ions of any one selected m/z value can be chosen by holding the magnetic field steady at the correct strength required to pass only the desired ions any other ions are lost to the walls of the instrument. The selected ions pass through the gas cell and are detected in the singlepoint ion collector. If there is a pressure of a neutral gas such as argon or helium in the gas cell, then ion-molecule collisions occur, with decomposition of some of the selected incident ions. This is the MS/MS mode. However, without the orthogonal TOF section, since there is no further separation by m/z value, the new ions produced in the gas cell would not be separated into individual m/z values before they reached the detector. Before the MS/MS mode can be used, the instrument must be operated in its hybrid state, as discussed below. 

The most commonly used reinforcement for high pressure decorative and industrial laminates is paper (qv). The strong substrate layers, or filler, are kraft paper. Kraft is a brown paper made from a sulfate pulp process (8). It consists of both short cellulose fibers from hardwoods and long fibers from conifers. The long fibers impart most of the wet strength required for resin saturation processes. 

The normal limit for lignin removal in the digester is set both by pulp strength requirements, usually indicated by pulp viscosity, and by yield requirements. As noted earlier, direct control of hydroxide and hydrosulftde concentrations can maximize lignin removal while maintaining pulp strength. 

In tires, carbon black is important because of the high flex fatigue and tear strength requirements of this product. Poor dispersion can result in premature cracking in both treads and sidewalls. In off-the-road tires poor dispersion results in excessive chip/chunk causing a significant loss in treadwear in addition to tread lug cracking which can lead to loss of an entire lug (radial tread bar). 

Solving equation 4.94 using Monte Carlo simulation for the variables involved, the shear yield strength required for the pump shaft material is found to have a Normal distribution with parameters ... 

As with PSA, the phenolics are added primarily for increased cohesive strength and temperature resistance ([216], pp. 284-306). More phenolic is used in adhesives with higher strength requirements, e.g. for metal-metal bonding. Resins based on /j-/-butyl phenolics are most commonly selected ([216], pp. 284-306). They are usually present in the adhesive at 35-50 parts per 100 rubber (phr), with typical optima at 40-45 phr ([216], pp. 284-306). Significant deviation from this optimum may have drastic effects. 

For most applications the strength requirements for steel bonding may not be as demanding as for aluminum and titanium so some sacrifice in bondment... 

Table 2 Adhesive strength requirements for honeycomb core bonding...

Property Strength requirement (minimum) Adhesive thickness... 

For most process applications, the materia s of construction can be accommodated to fit both the corrosive-erosive and mechanical strength requirements. Manufacturers have established standard materials which will fit a large percentage of the applications, and often only a few parts need to be changed to adapt the valve to a corrosive service. Typical standard parts are (See Figures 7-3, 7-3A, and 7-4)... 

In the second method a solution of the approximate strength required is prepared, and this is standardised against some standard alkaline substance, such as sodium tetraborate or anhydrous sodium carbonate standard potassium iodate or pure silver may also be used (see Section 10.84). If a solution of an exact strength is required, a solution of an approximate strength somewhat greater than that desired is first prepared this is suitably diluted with water after standardisation (for a typical calculation, see Appendix 17). 

---