Materials and method

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA, 4042D) and poly(s-caprolactone) (PCL, CAPA 6500) of commercial grade were supplied by NatureWorks and SOLVAY S.A. respectively. Commercial modified montmorillonites were supplied by Southern Clay (USA) (CLOISITE 30B) and Siid-Chemie (Germany) (NANOFIL 804). The characteristics of the clays are listed in Table 5.1. 

The characterization of the materials was performed in order to evaluate their morphology (X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy) and mechanical properties through dynamic mechanical analysis. 

Wide angle X-ray spectra (WAXS) were recorded using a Thermo ARL diffractometer X-tra 48, at room temperature, in the range 1-30° (26) (step size = 0.02°, scanning rate = 2 s per step) by using filtered Cu K radiation (X=1.54 A). 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out on the cryogenic fracture surfaces of the specimens coated by sputtering with gold, using a Leo 14050 VP SEM apparatus equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (JEOL 2010). Ultrathin sections about 100 nm thick were cut with a Power TEOMEX microtome equipped with a diamond knife and placed on a 200-mesh copper grid. 

The following dry pigments were investigated Yellow (P215) and green (P227) supphed from Principahty Medical Ltd., at concentration 0.2% w/w. 

Efficient dispersion of nanoparticles was achieved by sonicating with an ultrasound probe the PDMS and the appropriate amount of clay for 6 min, at room temperature. The crosslinking system was then added and dispersed into the mixture and the samples were cast into molds for subsequent cure at room temperature for 12 hours. 

The DSC measurements were run in a DSC 1 model Mettler Toledo differential scanning calorimeter. Samples of approximately 10 mg were accurately weighed in an analytical 

Thermogravimetric analyses of PDMS nanocomposites were performed with Mettler Toledo thermogravimetric analyzer (model TGA-DTA). The tests were run with samples of 10 mg at a heating rate of 10°C/min from 25°C to 700 C, in nitrogen atmosphere. 

The indentation hardness was determined with a Shore A durometer, on 25x25x10 mm samples according to ASTM specification D 2240. The shore A durometer was held in a vertical position and the pressor foot was appHed parallel to the surface of the sample. Ten readings were taken with a 6-mm distance maintained among them. 

All samples were taken with plastic shovels from fresh soil excavations (maximum depth 200 cm) and stored in polyethylene cups. The samples were oven-dried (60 °C) to constant weight and subsequently sieved ( 63 jUm/240 mesh) with nylon sieves. This fine fraction was used for the geochemical analysis after making compressed powder-discs for X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The more coarse material consisted of non-ore mineral bearing rock and river sediment material. The fraction ( 63 fim) constituted an average (median) of 5% of the total sample weight (range 2-20%). The samples were 

a reference background spectrum for the IR spectrophotometer was obtained then the reactor was charged with 35 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The stirrer speed was set to 600 rpm and the reaction temperature, Tr, was set. Next, 2 g of a mixture of 10.7 mmol of acetic anhydride and 15.1 mmol of acetic acid was added at a constant dosing rate of 5 mL min-1. Three experiments were carried out at each of three reaction temperatures, Tr = 25, 40 and 55°C. For the determination of qoos, the heat capacity of the feed mixture (1.83 kj kg-1 K-1) was calculated using the mass fraction and the heat capacities of the pure components (acetic anhydride cp = 1.65kjkg-1 K-1 and acetic acid cp =2.05kjkg-1 K-1). 

The analysed polyolefin is a general purpose i-PP called i-PP homopolymer Moplen HP450J which is produced by Lyondell-Basell. Moplen HP540J is a nucleated homopolymer for extrusion and thermoforming applications. The neat material exhibits good stiffness and optical transparency, and is thus adopted for fruit baskets, trays, transparent drinking cups and containers. The material properties for Moplen HP540J are reported in Table 6.1. 

PE under specific reprocessing conditions, and dehydrochlorination reactions may occur with PVC. The structural and macroscopic properties of polymers are therefore modified during multiple processing chain scission is responsible for a decrease in the molecular weight of the polymeric chains, which leads to an increase in the degree of crystallinity in semicrystalline polymers, a decrease in viscosity and modification of the mechanical properties, thus resulting in a progressive embrittlement of the reprocessed material. 

The processing and recycling of plastic material is modelled in this chapter using multiple processing steps the selected process involved extrusion, the materials were then subjected to 0, 5 or 10 recycling steps and analysed. The processing conditions adopted during extrusion are reported in Table 6.2. 

Reproduced with permission from F. De Santis and R. Pantani, The Scientific World  

The cooling rates imposed by the device are not constant in relation to temperature, the driving force was essentially dictated by the difference between the sample and cooling media temperatures. 

A wide variety of materials are used in the preparation of industrial catalysts. These materials are divided in three major constituents the active catalytic agent, the support and the promoters  

For many catalysts, the major component is the active material. Examples of such unsupported catalysts are the aluminosilicates and zeolites used for cracking petroleum fractions. One of the most widely used unsupported metal catalysts is the precious metal gauze as used, for example, in the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide in nitric acid plants. A very fast rate is needed to obtain the necessary selectivity to nitric oxide, so a low metal surface area and a short contact time are used. These gauze s are woven from fine wires (0.075 mm in diameter) of platinum alloy, usually platinum-rhodium. Several layers of these gauze s, which may be up to 3 m in diameter, are used. The methanol oxidation to formaldehyde is another process in which an unsupported metal catalyst is used, but here metallic silver is used in the form of a bed of granules. 

In numerous other catalysts, the active material is a minor component, which is deposited on a more or less inert porous support. Widely used supports include  

Most catalysts, where a metal is an active component, are supported catalysts, because a prime requirement here is the use of a large metal surface area. Examples of supported catalysts are activated-carbon-supported Pt and Pd, and Ni on alumina. 

Industrial catalysts are manufactured by a variety of methods involving one or more processing steps, such as  

Monomethoxy PEG 5000 polymer (1 g) esterified with ortho-iodobenzoic acid (54) (approx. 0.19 mmol) was dissolved in distilled DMF (5 mL). 2,4-Di-chlorophenylboronic acid (55) (73 mg, 0.38 mmol, 2 equiv.), Pd(PPbi)4 (11.6 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.05 equiv.), and 2 m sodium carbonate (0.25 mL, 0.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) were added. The mixture was stirred under argon at 110 °C for 10 h in a screw cap culture tube. Toluene was added and insoluble 

Cleavage of the product by transesterification The polymer bearing the biaryl was dissolved in 10 mL of dry NEtj/MeOH, 1 4 (v/v) and stirred in a screw-cap culture tube under Ar at 85 °C for 2 d. The mixture was dried in vacuo, taken up in DCM (4 mL) and precipitated, redissolved, and precipitated as above. The combined filtrates were evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by filtration fhrough a column using EtOAc/iso-hexane 4 1 (v/v) (Rf 0.68) to give a colorless oil (56) in 93% yield. 

The product was then liberated from the resin by ten successive 2-min treatments with 0.5 mL aliquots of 20% TFA in dichloroethane. The combined product solutions were diluted with toluene (2 mL) to avoid a large increase in the TFA concentration during the evaporation process, which would lead to scission of the glycosidic bond of the product After removal of the volatiles, the product (59) was dried in vacuo over P4O10/KOH and obtained in 90% isolated yield based on H NMR and MS analyses. 

Suzuki coupling with a carhmoid ligand [36] In a 10-mL flame-dried Schlenk flask, the solid-supported intermediate of type (60) or (61) (0.10 mmol, 

0 equiv.) was treated with the arylboronic acid (0.50 mmol, 5.0 equiv), Pd2(dba)3 (0.007 mmol, 0.07 equiv), l,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-lH-imi-dazol-3-ium chloride (carbene ligand, 0.014 mmol, 0.14 equiv), and CS2CO3 (0.60 mmol, 6.0 equiv) The Schlenk flask was evacuated and backfilled with Ar, and then charged with anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (1.0 mb). The mixture was heated at 80 °C under Ar. After 12 h, fhe resin was washed as follows  

Different types of chemical compounds such as vegetable oils, fatty adds, dibasic acids and anhydrides, dihydroxyamine and catalysts are required for the preparation of vegetable oil-based poly(ester amide)s. The methods of resinification or polymer formation are similar to those of vegetable oil-based polyesters, as discussed in the earlier chapter (Chapter 4). 

A large number of dibasic acids and anhydrides are used in the preparation of poly(ester amide)s. These include terephthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, endic endo-cis bicyclo(2,2,10-5)-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic] anhydride, hydrogenated endic anhydride, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, dichloromaleic anhydride, itaconic acid, brassylic acid, dimer acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, trimeUitic anhydride, pyrromellitic anhydride and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). However, tri- and poly-functional compounds are used only partially and are combined with bifunctional derivatives, or derivatives of previously prepared multifunctional compounds which are subsequently polymerised with bifunctional compounds. 

Aliphatic dihydroxy amines, that is symmetric and asymmetric dihydroxy-alkylamines such as diethanolamine, 3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)propan-l-ol and di-isopropanol amine (Fig. 5.1) are mainly used in the preparation of vegetable oil-based poly(ester amide)s. 

A large number of basic catalysts such as the metal oxides like PbO, ZnO, CaO, NaOMe and NaOEt, and hydroxides like LiOH, Ca(OH)2, and KOH are used in the preparation of poly(ester amide) resins. Alkaline metal (Li, Na, K)-doped calcium oxide catalysts are effective in transesterification of this resin. A few enzymes can also be used as the catalysts for the preparation of poly(ester amide) resins. 

Composite sequences from two or more vouchers within a genns were used if a complete gene set was not available for a species (Table 2.1). In nsing composite sequences, it was assumed that phylogenetic divergence is small between Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) used for composite sequences, relative to the divergence between them and all other OTUs. 

DNA was extracted from air-dried field collections or herbarium specimens with the DNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, California). One green shoot tip was used for extractions from large plants, or three to five green shoot tips from small plants. The extraction protocol provided by the manufacturer was used with the following modifications (provided by John Wheeler) (1) ground tissues were incubated in lysate buffer (kit Buffer API) 1 to 2 h and (2) two 50- il elutions (kit Buffer AE) were used in the final step, with each elution allowed to incubate 30 to 60 min. 

The metallic substrates used were 1.200 0.005 mm thick 1050 (0.25% Si, 0.4% Ee, 0.05% Cu, 0.05% Mn, 0.05% Mg, 0.05% Zn, 0.03% Ti, 0.05% V, i.e., min. 99.5% Al) commercial aluminum alloys from Pechiney. Aluminum sheets were prepared by die-cutting to provide identically sized strips (50x10 mm ). Before any polymer application, aluminum substrate surfaces were cleaned by ultrasonic immersion in acetone for 10 min, wiped dry, submerged in a sulfochromic solution (250 g L of sulfuric acid (d=1.84), 50 g L of chromium (VI) oxide and 

5 g of aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate) 1 h at 60 °C, rinsed in running water for 1 min, allowed to stand in deionized water for 5 min and wiped dry. 

After surface treatment, all substrates were stored less than 2 hours in an air-conditioned room (20 2°C and 50 5%r.h.), before polymer application. The epoxy prepolymer used was diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (MW=348 g mol , DGEBA DER 332 from Dow Chemical). The curing agents were either IPDA from Fluka or DETA from Aldrich. Assuming a functionality of 4 for IPDA, 5 for DETA, and 2 for the epoxy monomer, the stoichiometric ratio aje used was equal to 1 (exceptions are mentioned). 

To control the extent of chemical reactions between the metallic surface and liquid monomers, leading to the formation of a thick interphase, liquid epoxyamine mixtures were kept in contact with the metallic surface at room temperature for various periods of time before the desired adhesive curing cycle was started (e.g., see Pig. 7.1) at 190 °C, vitrification appeared within a few minutes, stopping any reaction between amine and metal, and/or diffusion phenomenon. These curing cycles allowed the maximum conversion (i.e., the maximum glass transition temperature). Gonversely, when interphase formation was not desired. 

Topical application for evaluating insecticidal efficacy against common house mosquitoes (Culex pipiens pallens) complied with the method described by Yamaguchi et al. [18]. 

1 Vapor Action Activity Evaluation in Non-Heating Formulation at Room Temperature Against Common House Mosquitoes (C. pipiens pallens) 

60 min. In order to circulate air in the chamber, a fan was set under the treated filter paper and a board was placed between the fan and the paper to prevent the fan from directly blowing the filter paper (Fig. 6). 

2 Biological Efficacy Evaluations in Mosquito Coil Formulations 

The preparation of test mosquito coils complied with the method described by Yamaguchi et al. The test coil was fitted on a coil holder and placed at the center of the chamber (4.3 m x 2.65 m x 2.45 m). The coil was ignited and then 100 adult female mosquitoes were released into the chamber. The number of knocked down mosquitoes was counted at the designated intervals for 75 min. 

Mixing simulation was carried out by finite volume computations with the multi physics software package CFDRC ACE +, 43 The mixing time was estimated assuming diffusion of water molecules in water (injected at a total flow rate of 2pLmin 1) across the microchannel. 

Studies of mixing dynamics were carried out according to literature procedures.44 The mixing dynamics in both microchannels was evaluated using an Olympus CK40M inverted microscope with a fluorescence kit. 

Sample solutions were mobilized in all experiments by means of a dual CMA/102 microdialysis pump on which 100 pL flat tip Hamilton syringes were mounted. Syringes were connected to fused silica capillaries by means of Upchurch  

The workflow of the context-sensitive MMP analysis can be summarized in the following steps, which will be explained in more detail later on  

2 Preparation of Superhydrophobic Layers Deposited on the Glass Surface 

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Arzhaev A T, Kiselyov VA., Badalyan V.G., Vopilkin A.Kb., Strelkov B.R,Vanukov V.N., Aladinsky V. V, Makhanev V.O. Field application of Augur)> ultrasonic system during RBMK NPP Unit ISI and its impact on pressure boundary integrity. In Ageing of Materials and Methods for the Assessment of Lifetimes of Engineering Plant, R K. Penny (Ed.), 1997, pp. 97-104. 

Division 2. With the advent of higher design pressures the ASME recognized the need for alternative rules permitting thinner walls with adequate safety factors. Division 2 provides for these alternative rules it is more restrictive in both materials and methods of analysis, but it makes use of higher allowable stresses than does Division 1. The maximum allowable stresses were increased from one-fourth to one-third of the ultimate tensile stress or two-thkds of the yield stress, whichever is least for materials at any temperature. Division 2 requkes an analysis of combined stress, stress concentration factors, fatigue stresses, and thermal stress. The same type of materials are covered as in Division 1. 

In the second general method, the amine (16), known as Grewe diamine, is the paradigm intermediate onto which the thia2o1ium ring is constmcted. Differences occur only in the raw materials and methods used for the manufacture of the diamine. The same end of the linear sequence is universally practiced by all large manufacturers. 

Subsection A This subsection contains the general requirements applicable to all materials and methods of construction. Design temperature and pressure are defined here, and the loadings to be considered in design are specified. For stress failure and yielding, this section of the code uses the maximum-stress theory of failure as its criterion. 

The type of probe, its materials, and method of construction must be carenilly considered in designing an effective corrosion-monitoring system. Since different types of probes provide different types of information, it may be necessary to use several types. 

R. J. Heitzman, Veterinary Drug Residues. Residues in Food Producing Animals and their Products Reference Materials and Methods, Final Report EUR 14126EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Luxembourg, 1992. 

The continued pursuit of semi-empirical methods for the prediction of adhesion is a worthy, if somewhat risky, enterprise. It may well lead to improved and more streamlined methods of finding new materials and methods, but lacking that, even its failures, if honestly evaluated, should lead to improved understanding of the complex phenomena of adhesion. 

Common to all air cooled heat exchangers is the tube, through which the process fluid flows. To compensate for the poor heat transfer properties of air, which flows across the outside of the tube, and to reduce the overall dimensions of the heat exchanger, external fins are added to the outside of the tube. A wide variety of finned tube types are available for use in air cooled exchangers. These vary in geometry, materials, and methods of construction, which affect both air side thermal performance and air side pressure drop. In addition, particular... 

Diagnosis of defects by inspection of visible causes or more sophisticated means (tracer-dye inundation to find sources and routes of leaks, infrared photography, etc.) is a prerequisite for correct repair specification. Greater skill in detailing and specifying suitable materials and methods are required in the design of flat roofs and the same applies to repairs. Here, too, durability and effectiveness are, to some extent, cost related. 

Materials and Methods for Various Industrial Finishing Tasks... 

G. L. Solomons, Materials and Methods in Fermentation, Academic Press, London-New York 1969. 

Materials and methods used in this study are given in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. 

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