Apparatus and equipment

The sample wells in the gel plate are punched by means of a puncher. The puncher is usually constructed in such a way that it also removes the gel plug (its end is attached to a vacuum source and the plug is sucked off into a reservoir). The puncher is made of two annular steel tubes the outer with its sharp edge serves as a knife to cut the well, the inner tube is spring loaded, slides downwards when pressure is applied, and sucks the plug away. Slits in the outer tube release the vacuum in the inner tube. The wells are prepared by means of a template, which is composed of a base plate to which a sliding ruler is attached. The ruler is equipped with a series of holes with the same diameter as the outer diameter of the puncher. Punchers for different sample wells are available (2-4 mm). 

For the purpose of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis agarose slab gels are transferred from one plate to another one by using long razor blades. If narrow slits are needed, slit formers are used. The slit formers are positioned in such a way that 

This stock solution of ionic strength 0.1 is diluted 1 4 with water (to obtain ionic strength 0.02). 

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Underwriters Laboratories 333 Pfingsten Road Northbrook, Id. 60062 Standards for Safety is ahst of more than 200 standards that provide specifications and requirements for constmetion and performance under test and in actual use of a broad range of electrical apparatus and equipment, including household appHances, fire-extinguishing and fire protection devices and equipment, and many other nongenerady classifiable items, eg, ladders, sweeping compounds, waste cans, and roof jacks for trader coaches. 

Labelling is a very important feature of laboratory management. Properly designed and used labels ensure that the identity and status of reagents, chemical standards, apparatus and equipment are always clear to users. There are various requirements that the label on a container should satisfy ... 

Given the overwhelming influence of the physical properties of skin in determining bioavailabilities via the dermal route, assessment of dermal penetration is one area in metabolism and toxicology where in vitro methods can be effectively used to predict in vivo results and to screen chemicals. Apparatus and equipment exist that one can use to maintain sections of skin (obtained from euthanized animals or from human cadavers or surgical discard) for such experiments (Holland et al., 1984). These apparatus are set up to maintain the metabolic integrity of the skin sample between two reservoirs the one on the stratum comeum side, called the application reservoir and the one on the subcutaneous side, called the receptor reservoir. One simply places radiolabeled test material in the application reservoir and collects samples from the receptor fluid at various time points. 

Assists in the maintenance and repair of fire apparatus and equipment. 

All apparatus and equipment to be used in the operation have been cleaned per their respective SOPs. 

A. Boulenge (Le) Chronograph. This instrument, listed (but not described) in Vol 2, pB258-L, was developed in France in 1866. Because of its simplicity and low cost, it is still used, especially in testing small arms. It is fairly accurate when short intervals of time are involved. A schematic presentation of apparatus and equipment such as has been used in some US Ordnance installations is given in Fig... 

Syntactic foams are used extensively for the construction of boats and deep-water submarines46155,58,79,127 142-169). They are also used to make floats, buoys, underwater rescue apparatus, and equipment for raising sunken ships 153,176). Other applications include cements and putties for repairing hydraulic structures, submarine bodies and bulkheads127). 

Numerous variants of both methods have found wide application. The apparatus and equipment used for foam generation both in laboratory and industrial scales are described in details in [5-12], That is why only the most important methods for foam generation and the areas of their application are briefly described below. 

Use Laboratory and pharmaceutical glassware and apparatus, electrochemical equipment, fiber manufacture, domestic ovenware apparatus, and equipment for many processes. 

Use For apparatus and equipment (such as vacuum tubes) where its high melting point, ability to withstand large and rapid temperature changes, chemical inertness and transparency (including UV radiation), and electrical resistance are valuable. Produced as fibers and fabrics for heat resistance, low expansion coefficient, and insulating value. 

For teaching of chemistry availability of good apparatus and well equipped laboratories is a must. However it should lead us to a wrong conception that teaching of science cannot be carried out in the absence of expensive apparatus. One of the reports by NCERT observes that from among various factors that stand in the way of science education in our country one is lack of adequate resources for laboratory building, purchase of good and adequate apparatus and equipment. This lack of funds and resources makes improvisation of apparatus almost a necessity in India. 

Standards on material objects include those of measurement and of composition. These standards are usually material objects themselves, such as a weight, a color chip, or a chemical. For example, the National Bureau of Standards prepares, certifies, and distributes nearly 500 different standard samples of chemicals, metals, ores, and ceramics. They are materials which have been carefully analyzed or whose physical properties have been precisely determined. They are used in controlling chemical processes and in maintaining the accuracy of apparatus and equipment. 

Standards are a recognized source for test methods, including sampling, qualitative and quantitative analyses, reagents, testing apparatus and equipment, calibration, procedure, calculations, accuracy, and reproducibility. 

Apparatus and equipment. For laboratory experiments, two to six flat membrane cells of 28 cm effective area and 0.3 mm channel thickness were used in series with a plunger pump of variable output up to 50 1/hr under the pressure of up to 100 Kg/cm. For field tests, 12 to 192 membrane tubes (1.4 cm inner diameter and 4.5 m by length each) were used both in series and parallel with one or two plunger pumps of variable output up to 2 m /hr under the pressure of up to 70 Kg/cm. Both a single- and a two-stage system were examined. 

In chemical industry, which is one of the greatest consumers of water, as much as 70% is used for cooling. This sector of industry also requires water for dissolving of raw material, heating of apparatus and equipment, for raw material transportation, washing of products, washing of technological equipment, removal of waste, etc. The requirements for water quality are very varied and depend on the particular production processes. Sometimes untreated water is sufficient, sometimes mechanically treated and even demineralized water is required. 

Gas cylinders and other apparatus and equipment shall be cleaned before being brought into the room. 

Glaser, R. 1989. An attempt to comparative evaluation of industrial apparatus and equipment based on a dryer-cooler for sugar. Scientific Papers of Wroclaw Academy of Economy, 490 81-113 (in Polish). 

FIGURE 45.18 Continuous scraper-type freeze dryer (1) vacuum chamber (2) spray nozzles (3) scraper (4) radiators (5) cooling jacket (6) freezant (7) motor and (8) vacuum lock. (From Shumski, K.P., Vacuum Apparatus and Equipment in Chemical Industry, Mashinostroyenie, Moscow, Russia, 1974 (in Russian).)... 

K.P. Shumski, Vacuum Apparatus and Equipment in Chemical Industry, Mashinostroyenie, Moscow, Russia, (1974) (in Russian). 

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