Material selection supply

The case is the largest portion of the container. The case is divided into compartments which hold the cell elements. The cores normally have a mud-rest area used to collect shed soHds from the battery plates and supply support to the element. Typical materials of constmction for the battery container are polypropylene, polycarbonate, SAN, ABS, and to a much lesser extent, hard mbber. The material used in fabrication depends on the battery s appHcation. Typical material selections include a polypropylene—ethylene copolymer for SLI batteries polystyrene for stationary batteries polycarbonate for large, single ceU standby power batteries and ABS for certain sealed lead—acid batteries. 

SEEBA workshop on Supply Chain Management Meeting Electronics Customer Environental Requirements, 30 April 2003, Centre for Sustainable Design, Farnham, UK Envirowise (2001) ENDS Report 321, Envirowise revamp brings advice on cleaner product design, October 2001. Envirowise is funded by the UK Department of Trade and Industry. See www.envirowise.org Apple (2005) Apple states its environmental policy with respect to materials at http //www.apple.com/ environment/design/materials/selection. html... 

Now let us look at the systems and the components of the systems. Reports in the field are virtually mute on many small but annoying problems, which almost invariably accompany the operation of seawater RO systems. Here are some which have plagued us, starting with the pumps. I will not identify manufacturers, as I have avoided reference to any in this writeup. It is not my objective to accuse anyone. I just offer these comments in the hope to encourage those who I hope are aware of their product problems in the field and failures to rectify those for the benefit of all. I feel that considerably greater attention must be placed on pumps and pump materials selection for seawater RO use in order to improve reliability, simplify maintenance, and reduce failure frequency in the pump operations, and in turn improve on the RO system water supply capability. 

Longer life of Rubber-Ceramic liners-alternate material selection [7], The Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge, Ltd. has been mining copper, lead/zinc, and silver in northern Ontario since 1964. Kidd Creek mines 7,000 feet deep to supply the milling operation with 9,000 tons of product per day. 

For many plants that supply a pan-continental market, pallet sizes are often a source of complexity because collated primary packs are not modular for the whole pallet range. Within Europe it is not unusual for multiple retail outlets to specify the minimum pallet utilisation level to be achieved. It is interesting that many drinks carton dimensions have been chosen to be modular, and this should also be done for other pack formats. By taking secondary packaging into account early in the packaging design and material selection process, a speedier and more economical result will be achieved. 

The examples that are used in the following sections, and the conditions that have been selected to illustrate the effectiveness of the postrelease mitigation techniques, may not represent standard industrial practices for the materials selected. For detailed engineering information the manufacturers or suppliers of the materials should be consulted. They can also supply information on the most effective postrelease mitigation techniques to use in the event of an accidental loss of containment. 

The extraction tests were exploratory and arbitrary in nature for two reasons relatively little plant material was supplied, with the result that no optimization studies could be carried out and pure material was unavailable for solubility testing. Not only were optimization studies impossible but also the extraction conditions were selected from experience with other complex organic compounds. 

Materials selection for a large sub-sea production system is illustrated by the following example from a field in the North Sea [10.11] for the production tubing and the well equipment (whieh are not to be welded) a 13% Cr steel was seleeted, and in the Xmas tree (valve tree) a martensitie stainless steel of the type ASTM A 182 F6NM (13%) Cr, max l%o Si). The manifold module, whieh is a welded pipe system, was made of a ferritie-austenitie stainless steel with the eomposition 22Cr5Ni3Mo, which also was selected for pipelines for supply of hydraulie oil and methanol (used for preventing hydrate formation) to die sub-sea stations. The well flame and gas pipeline were made of a non-stainless steel. 

Material selection/ processing/supply based on Analysis of use (engineering scientists)... 

Values of modulus determined in tension or flexure at one or more temperatures are provided in tables of data supplied by manufacturers. Whilst these single-point data are useful for materials selection, they are obviously inadequate for detailed design of load-bearing components. Here the engineer must look for information about time-dependence, which is usually obtained firom tensile creep measurements. Most manufacturers handbooks contain sets of creep curves obtained over a range of applied stresses, for strains up to about 0.03, as shown in Figure 8.13 some handbooks also include creep curves for one or more elevated temperatures. 

Since life cycle assessment (LCA) can be more than an environmental impact assessment approach, chapter Life Cycle Sustainabiftty Assessment A Holistic Evaluation of Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts discusses life cycle sustainabiftty assessment. This extends the holistic environmental LCA to account for the economic and social pillars of sustainabiftty. Lastly, chapter Embedding Sustainabiftty in Product and Process Development—The Role of Process Systems Engineers describes the practical role of process systems engineers in the implementation of sustainabiftty in product and process development. It shows some key aspects and tools that practitioners should take into account to design and develop more sustainable products and processes during material selection, process design, process and product modeling, and supply chain implications. 

This chapter intends to present the PSE tools, techniques, and areas of opportunities for embedding sustainability during material selection, process design, process and product modehng, and supply chain impfications. It also provides a perspective of the challenges to this task and the skill sets that will need to be developed to overcome those challenges successfully. 

In addition to the basic negotiation of costs and quantities of pipe to be supplied, the relationship between pipe maker and pipe user may involve other market related factors. Technical support may be required in terms of material selection, application of technical standards and provision of quality control test services. Transport to the site of use may involve restrictions in terms of vehicle size or times of delivery. This is particularly so when pipes are being laid below busy city streets or in remote rural locations. Pipe storage areas near the site may be limited and this then implies smaller, more frequent deliveries. Such practical considerations may have a significant bearing on the delivery price of pipe. 

Production considerations may dictate modification of certain of the selected adhesive s properties to facilitate use. Once done, all the key characteristics should be quantified and written up as a performance specification, which will also serve as the purchasing specification, ensuring that materials are supplied to the relevant standard. 

Use of CRA is competitive with inhibition in deep, high-pressure wells, particularly in those locations where inhibitor supply may be a space and logistic problem. CRA includes stainless steels (austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex), nickel-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and titanium alloys. Economics is a major factor in alloy selection. The 13 Cr tubing has often been used in gas wells for low H2S wells. Tubing materials selection for a deep well could involve price increments between alloys of 1 to 3 million. High-strength CRA is used to minimize costs. SMYS values of 150 ksi (1000 MPa) are common. The CRA is often cold-worked to achieve the required yield strength. 

Material selection for elevated temperature applications. The task of evaluating new materials and projecting their performance for specific applications is a challenging one for engineers and designers. Often materials are supplied with short-term test information such as deflection temperature under load (DTUL) (ASTM D693-03a... 

Material flow risks Many examples of natural disasters such as labour strikes and fires have brought an end to supply of material. In supply chain material flow, demand fluctuations and supply dismptions are two types of primary uncertainties which involve issues as single sourcing risk, sourcing flexibility risk, supplier selection/outsourcing, supply product monitoring/quality and supply capacity. 

PLASPEC (Plaspec [PT], New York, NY). Complete, accurate up-to-date initial material selection available from all supplies through one source. Over 600 searchable characteristics listed, including special features of plastic materials, property data, cost. 

Visible nonwovens, however, account for only 10% of the entire amount (roughly 3.5 sq m) and are generally standard needle-punch velour materials selected for their resilience and price. At the same time, microfibre-based artificial leather materials like Alcantara are the most exclusive — and highly profitable — nonwovens supplied to the automotive sector. 

Cost puts a constraint on material selection. In simple cases, the cost per unit property can be used as a criterion for selecting the optimum material. Because of the changing cost of materials in the market, inflation, supply and scarcity, the cost of materials is measured as a relative cost (Cr) where the cost of material is normalized to the cost of mild steel. 

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