Market-related factors

The most reasonable way to measure bondholder value appears to look at the spread versus government bonds financial markets process information in a fast and anticipative way. Additionally, considering the spread to an index or benchmark bond representing the sector of the corporation allows to largely eliminate sector specific and general interest market related factors. 

In addition to the basic negotiation of costs and quantities of pipe to be supplied, the relationship between pipe maker and pipe user may involve other market related factors. Technical support may be required in terms of material selection, application of technical standards and provision of quality control test services. Transport to the site of use may involve restrictions in terms of vehicle size or times of delivery. This is particularly so when pipes are being laid below busy city streets or in remote rural locations. Pipe storage areas near the site may be limited and this then implies smaller, more frequent deliveries. Such practical considerations may have a significant bearing on the delivery price of pipe. 

The positioning of the CODP in the value chain is affected by different factors which can be divided into three categories market-related factors, product-related factors, and production-related factors. 

Regarding market-related factors, product demand volatility specifies to what extent the products is made to order or to stock. Thus, if volatility is high, forecasting is relatively difficult and products are typically made to order. Conversely, low volatility means the items can be forecast driven. 

Various factors can be named that affect the choice of the most suitable manufacturing structure and hence the positioning of the CODP (Olhager 2003) market-related factors such as demand volatility, lead time or product differentiation expectations product-related factors as, for example, product architecture (modularity) and production-related factors, such as production lead time or the flexibility of internal processes. 

The currendy (ca 1992) marketed injectable and implantable contraceptives are designed to be effective for maximum periods of three months and five years, respectively. There is Htde evidence from programmatic or health reasons that an injectable formulation with a longer effective life span, eg, six months, would not be equally effective. The acceptabiUty and effectiveness of long-acting contraceptives may be determined by the means by which a community deUvers contraceptive products to the pubHc the active life of a product may be determined by economic rather than programmatic or health related factors. 

ORGANOLEPTIC. A term widely used to describe consumer testing procedures for food products, perfumes, wines, and the like in which samples of various products, flavors, etc. are submitted to groups or panels. Such tests are a valuable aid in determining the acceptance of tlie products and thns may be viewed as a marketing technique, They also serve psychological purposes and are an important means of e valuating the subjective aspects of taste, odor, color, and related factors, The physical and chemical characteristics of foods are stimuli for the eye, ear, skin, nose, and mouth, whose receptors initiate impulses that travel to the brain, where perception occurs. 

The second, closely related factor is the private sector in liberal political economy. As Foucault put it unlike absolutism and mercantilism, political economy announces the unknowability for the sovereign of the totality of economic processes and, as a consequence, the impossibility of an economic sovereignty. The point of liberal political economy was not only that a free market protected property and ere-... 

During the preproduction prototype phase of fhe device, the prototype is constructed or updated for additional evaluation and market-related testing. The market test and evaluation phase involves, in addition to the actual testing of the medical device, a thorough examination of fhe feedback received from the market test by human factors and other professionals. 

An example of a production-related factor is represented by the production lead time. This factor needs to be considered regarding the delivery lead time requirements determined by the market, as this relationship places a constraint on the positioning of the CODP. If the lead time is reduced, the constraint can be relieved and a wider range of CODP positioning is possible (Olhager 2003). 

The market, relations to possible competitors, available reserves in the quarry, the infrastracture, economical and political factors as well the price of cement, fuel and electrical energy must be evaluated caiefirlly, and a production target should then be formulated. 

Figure 3-9 Overview of lead market factors and related factors of national competitiveness...

Increases in U.S. demand for caustic soda have been unpredictably high in the last few years. Between 1987 and 1989, the annual increase in demand was about 3% (6). However, the caustic soda market is mature and new areas of significant growth have not surfaced in recent years. The unexpected recent demand is generally related to two factors the pick-up in the U.S. economy after the slump of 1986 and pulp mills operating at fiiU capacity, leading to less efficient caustic use. 

The market price of USP sodium iodide generally follows the price of cmde iodine multiphed by a factor of 1.8—2. Higher purity grades are only marginally related to the price of cmde iodine. 

A large portion of the cost of any manufactured item is represented by labor. Although labor rates are more and more becoming similar in most parts of the country, factors such as skill, labor relations, and the general welfare of the work force affect labor productivity and efficiency. Each region being considered for plant location must be suiveyed to determine the availability and the skills of the labor market. The skills need not exactly match with those... 

We hope it is clear from the outset that the syntheses outlined in this book represent only those published in the literature. In many cases this can be assumed to bear little relation to the processes used in actually producing the drugs on commer-citil scale. The latter are usually developed after it is certain the drug will be actually marketed. As in the case of all large-scale organic syntheses, they are changed from the bench-scale preparations in order to take into account such factors as economics and safety. Details of these are not usually readily available. 

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