Deep well

Table 10. Comparison of Deep-Well Raw Brine and Seawater...

Deep-Well Turbine and Canned Version. By stacking up the stages, heads up to 1100 m (3500 ft) can be achieved. The deep-weU pump is submerged into the weU, and Hquid comes into contact with the pump body and the weU walls. Alternatively, a pump pit may be of dry design, and a can, ie, an enclosure around the pump, having connections to the source of Hquid is provided (Fig. 9). 

Fig. 9. Turbine-type pumps, (a) Deep-well wet. Courtesy of Goulds Pumps, Inc. (b) Caimed version.

American Waterworks Association (AWWA) EIOI, Deep Well Vertical Turbine Pumps... 

Deep-Well Injection Deep-well injection for the disposal of liquid wastes involves injecting the wastes deep in the ground into permeable rock formation (typically limestone or dolomite) or underground caverns. 

Process Description The installation of deep wells for the injection of wastes closely follows the practices used for the drilling and completion of oil and gas wells. 

TABLE 25-76 Important Design and Operation Considerations for Deep Wells Used for Waste Injection... 

Applications Deep-well injection has been used principally for liquid wastes that are difficult to treat and dispose of by more conventional methods and for hazardous wastes. Chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical wastes are those most commonly disposed of with this method. The waste may be liquid, gases, or solids. The gases and solids are either dissolved in the liquid or are carried along with the liquid. 

Design and (Operation Important design and operation considerations for deep-well injection are related to (1) well-site selection, (2) pretreatment, (3) installation of an injec tion well, and (4) monitoring. Important factors related to these design and operation considerations are reported in Table 25-76. As noted in the table, wastes are usually treated prior to injec tion to prevent clogging of the formation and damage to equipment. Particles greater than about 1 to 5 Im must be removed. Typically, treated wastes must be filtered prior to... 

The application and use of deep-well turbine and submersible pumps, is extensive and a choice will depend upon the depth of liquid and the rate of discharge. In rocky areas, where the digging of larger well cavity is a difficult task, submersible pumps provide an easy alternative. Similarly, for higher heads and where only a small quantity of liquid is to be pumped, these pumps are preferred. We discuss below the characteristics of these motors and the application of these pumps. 

Textile motors Crane motors Determining the size of motor Sugar centrifuge motors Motors for deep-well pumps Motors for agricultural application Surface-cooled motors Torque motors or actuator motors Vibration and noise level Service factors Motors for hazardous locations Specification of motors for Zone 0 locations Specification of motors for Zone I locations Motors for Zone 2 locations Motors for mines, collieries and quarries Intrinsically safe circuits, type Ex. f Testing and certifying authorities Additional requirements for ciritical installations Motors for thermal power station auxiliaries Selection of a special-purpose motor... 

Deep well injection Partial removal from Oil field brines low toxicity, Monitoring difficulty... 

Wastewater Deep Well Injection. This is an alternate wastewater disposal procedure and requires some treating prior to injection, such as filtration or pFI adjustment. Permits for this procedure require long lead times. Reference 4 gives prediction methods for refinery wastew ater, generation. 

Liquid waste disposal—evaporation, deep well injection (don t forget filtration and treating), mixing with river or ocean water (don t forget treating)... 

If yourfacility has a permit to inject a waste containing the toxic chemical into Class 1 deep wells, enter the 12-digit Underground Injection Well Code (UlC) identification number assigned by EPA or by the State under the authority of the Sate Drinking Water Act. If your facility does not hold such a p>ermit(s), enter not applicable, NA, in Section 3.1 la. You are only required to provide the UlC number for wells that receive the toxic chemical being reported. 

Disposal involves the use of postprocess activities that can handle waste, such as deep-well injection and off-site shipment of hazardous materials to waste-management facilities. 

Cable sheathings for special heavy-duty cables Marine cables and drill-lock cables for deep wells... 

Drilling muds are a special class of drilling fluid used to drill most deep wells. The term mud refers to the thick consistency of the fluid after the appropriate materials have been added to the water-liquid or oil-liquid base. 

The ASTM specifications provide for five types of Portland cements Types I, II, III, IV and V they are manufactured for use at atmospheric conditions [165]. The API Classes A, B and C correspond to ASTM Types I, II and III, respectively. The API Classes D, E, F, G, H and J are cements manufactured for use in deep wells and to be subject to a wide range of pressures and temperatures. These classes have no corresponding ASTM types. 

A. Casner, J. A., How to design drill strings for deep wells," World Oil, February 1, 1968. 

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