General Standards

ISO 11403-3 [103] Plastics - Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data - 

Plastics - Injection molding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials 

Plastics - Compression molding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Plastics - Thermosetting molding materials — Determination of shrinkage 

Standard Test Method of Measuring Shrinkage from Mold Dimensions of 

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The generalized standard addition method (GSAM) extends the analysis of mixtures to situations in which matrix effects prevent the determination of 8x and 8y using external standards.When adding a known concentration of analyte to a solution containing an unknown concentration of analyte, the concentrations usually are not additive (see question 9 in Chapter 5). Conservation of mass, however, is always obeyed. Equation 10.11 can be written in terms of moles, n, by using the relationship... 

Raymond, M. Jochum, C. Kowalski, B. R. Optimal Multicomponent Analysis Using the Generalized Standard Addition Method, /. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 1072-1073. 

This experiment demonstrates the application of the generalized standard additions method for the analysis of mixtures of K2Cr207 and KMn04. 

In addition, specifications have been produced by such organizations as the Canadian General Standards Board (31) and Green Seal (32) further activities ate also occurring within the ASTM. The thmst of these actions is to requite the recycled petroleum products to meet the same requirements as placed on their virgin equivalent, as well as to demonstrate that contaminants have been reduced to insignificant levels. 

Re-Ref nedBase Oils, Canadian General Standards Board, Canada. 

SBS membrane systems are generally installed in hot asphalt but can be installed using a torch like APP products or in some cold apphcation cement systems. Like APP systems, they are generally installed in multiple layers. The undedayment layers are generally standard BUR felts or basesheets. SBS membrane sheets can also be formulated to be self-adhering. These products are no longer used in membrane appHcations but are used as ice and water dam matedals on the eaves under shingle roofs in cold climates. 

The certification bodies adhere to EN 45012, which is a general standard that does not provide for specific industry sectors to tailor the requirements to their needs. 

Select a fan from the tables at (1) required inlet cfm at inlet temperature and pressure, (2) at fan tables required operating rpm approved by manufacturers for fan size, correcting (reducing) for manufacturer s safe speed for temperature and materials of wheel construction. Generally, standard high-strength steel construction has a correction on speed of 1.0 up to 400°F and graduated down to 0.87 for 800°F, and only a 1.0 factor for aluminum at 70°F and 0.97 at 200°F. 

It cannot be sufficiently emphasized that individual liability policies do differ in detail from the general standard policy, and reference to the policy in force in any individual set of circumstances is most strongly recommended. 

As the general standard of protective coatings has improved (materials, application and construction standards) the use of sacrificial anodes has extended to soil of ca. 10 000 ohm cm or more for buried pipelines. By using anodes in extruded ribbon form and placing them as close as possible to the structure to be protected they can be used in soils of high resistivity. 

Calibration. In general, standards used for instrument calibration are physical devices (standard lamps, flow meters, etc.) or pure chemical compounds in solution (solid or liquid), although some combined forms could be used (e.g., Tb + Eu in glass for wavelength calibration). Calibrated lnstr iment parameters include wavelength accuracy, detection-system spectral responsivity (to determine corrected excitation and emission spectra), and stability, among others. Fluorescence data such as corrected excitation and emission spectra, quantum yields, decay times, and polarization that are to be compared among laboratories are dependent on these calibrations. The Instrument and fluorescence parameters and various standards, reviewed recently (1,2,11), are discussed briefly below. 

More efficient estimation methods exist than the simple method described here [17]. The generalized standard addition method (GSAM) shares the strong points (e.g correction for interferences) and weak points (e.g. error amplification because of the extrapolation involved) of the simple standard addition method [18]. 

R. Sundberg, Interplay between chemistry and statistics, with special reference to calibration and the generalized standard addition method. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 4 (1988) 299-305. 

Topical preparations, like all other dosage forms, must be formulated, manufactured, and packaged in a manner that assures that they meet general standards of bioavailability, physical (physical system) stability, chemical (ingredient) stability, freedom from contamination, and elegance. Like all other pharmaceuticals, these factors must remain essentially invariant over the stated shelf life of the product and they must be reproducible from batch to batch. 

The International Standard, ISO 9001 2000, Quality Management Systems -Requirements, is a general standard that applies to all types of organizations,... 

Saxberg BEH, Kowalski BR. General standard addition method. Anal. Chem. 1979 51 1031-1038. 

The EU Directives 94/35/EC, 94/36/EC and 95/2/EC on sweeteners, colours and food additives other than colours and sweeteners, limit the amounts of certain food additives that can be used and the range of foods in which they are permitted. Similarly, the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC) has published its General Standard on Food Additives (GSFA), which lists the maximum use levels recorded world-wide. Care should be taken when using data from the EU Directive annexes or the GSFA because the figures represent the maximum permitted in each food group. In practice, use levels may need to be much lower to achieve the desired technical effect, particularly if used in combination with other additives intended for the same purpose. Furthermore, the additive is unlikely to be used in all foods in which it is permitted because other additives compete for the same function in the marketplace. 

Beyond national approvals the Codex Alimentarius is developing a General Standard for Food Additives which will be the applicable basis for international trade. All and only sweeteners endorsed for food use by JECFA are/or will be listed in this standard. For bulk sweeteners the standard has progressed to permanent while the part dealing with intense sweeteners is still under discussion. 

The hazard from lead is very high, particularly in conditions where the general standard of hygiene is low and lead dust is allowed to accumulate or lead fume is emitted uncontrolled. The recommended permissible limit for concentration of lead in the workplace for lead dust and fume is 0.15 milligrams per cubic meter of air. 

This study revealed no obstacles to the use of peat as cowshed Utter. The quality of the milk and the health of the animals are affected more by the general standards of hygiene than the type of Utter used. The advandages derived from using peat depend greatly on the qualiity of the peat. The absorption capacity of diy peat is best exploited in cowsheds were all the urine is absorbed by the Utter. In this case, the amount of peat required is far less than that of either straw or sawdust. In cowsheds with a urine well, the use of peat as Utter permits some reduction in the size of the well. 

Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003). Schedule 1 of the Proposed Draft Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, Thirty-fifth Session, Arusha, Tanzania. 

The decision to approve a new drug is made by a national regulatory body (Food Drug Administration in the U.S.A., the Health Protection Branch Drugs Directorate in Canada, UK Europe, Australia) to which manufacturers are required to submit their appUca-tions. AppUcants must document by means of appropriate test data (from predinical and clinical trials) that the criteria of efficacy and safety have been met and that product forms (tablet, capsule, etc.) satisfy general standards of quality control. 

Over the years, scientific research with human subjects has provided valuable information to help characterize and control risks to public health, but its use has also raised particular ethical concerns for the welfare of the human participants in such research as well as scientific issues related to the role of such research in assessing risks. Society has responded to these concerns by defining general standards for conducting human research. As an example, studies carried out for the authorization of a medical product, have to be conducted in line with the World Medical Association s Declaration of Helsinki, which describes the general ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects (World Medical Association 2004). The Helsinki Declaration was first issued by the World Medical Association in 1964 and has been revised several times since then. 

For children, a general standard value is not recommended by US-EPA. Instead, age-specific standard values are recommended (see Table 7.10) these values are also based on the results of the two key studies. 

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