Natural disasters

An event may be labeled an accident through the assessment of the follow ing factors  

Items 3-6 abo e do not apply to natural accidents. The natural accidents are often termed acts of God, and can include  

Although accidents of these types occur infrequently, they may present a greater potential for loss titan fires, explosions, or spills. Since natural disasters are difficult to predict and prevent, one is obliged to rely more heavily on precautions designed to minimize tlie impact of an occurrence of a natural disaster, such as emergency plamting. 

The objective of emergency planning is to reduce die probability of serious loss due to a particular liazardous accident. The probability of an occurrence of a hazardous accident is first evaluated. It is tlien it is assumed tliat, if the accident occurs, tlie worst consequences will follow (tlie so-called worst-case scenario). Procedures for liandling a particular accident are tlien dex eloped and practiced, both to minimize tlie exposure of persoiuiel and to prevent escalation of the original incident. 

Other natural disasters and external events are listed below in Table 6.7.1., along with an abbreviated comment. 

Other natural disasters and external events are listed below in Table 

---

The standard requires the supplier to prepare contingency plans to reasonably protect the customer s supply of product in the event of emergency, excluding natural disaster and force majeure. 

Force majeure is an event, circumstances, or an effect that cannot be reasonably anticipated or controlled - often called an act of God, which includes natural disasters caused by weather and land movement. Force majeure also includes war, riots, air crash, labor stoppage, illness, disruption in utility supply by service providers, etc. There is some contradiction in this requirement as you can take effective action to maintain business continuity as a result of certain events that may be classified as force majeure or natural disasters. 

The potential for natural disaster, based on die history and knowledge of the region and eaitli structure, should be indicated in die plan. Items such as seismic fault zones and flood plains, and potentials for hurricanes and winter storms should be noted. 

Weather data for a number of years should be assembled for each community being studied. Particular attention should be given to such natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods, which often can be predicted from meteorological data. In certain locations these catastrophic events must be assumed to be probable and this increases construction costs. E.xtremely cold weather often hampers process plant operation and requires special construction features to protect equipment from freezing. Predominantly warm weather permits cheaper construction but may also reduce the efllcicncy of the labor force. 

Classes of accidents that can result in financial and personnel losses include more than just natural disasters such as eartliquakes and tornadoes, or occupational personnel inisliaps such as tripping and slipping. These, and several others, tue reviewed in tliis chapter. The section breakdown with respect to content is provided below ... 

Electrical Failures and Computer Failures Nuclear Accidents Natural Disasters... 

In addition to natural disasters and occupational misliaps, Uic process... 

TABLE 6.7.1. Examples of Natural Disasters and Extcrniil Events ... 

About 2.5 million tons (2.3 million tonnes) of coal arc burned daily in U.S. power plants. This is equivalent to roughly 21,000 railcars in transit, so it is apparent that coorditiatiiig production and cotistimp-tioii is no easy task. Accidents, rail strikes, natural disasters (e.g., floods that take out bridges and rail lines) and severe weather (e.g., deep river freezes that halt barge traffic) can all severely disrupt deliveries for utility customers dependent on a reliable coal supply for base load plants. Nonetheless, to reduce costs U.S. utilities have significantly reduced typical inventory levels over time. Wliereas a coal inventory of ninety days of supply was once typical, inventories now frequently run in the range of thirty to forty-five days. 

There is a grave transportation risk in relying on just-in-time production methods. Any freight transportation system breakdown can be catastrophic for companies and nations. If key parts get stuck at the border, or if a natural disaster destroys a highway or a rail line, some factories might have to close down, others write off permanent losses. And if it is a component for an essential product or service, the ripple effect could cost the economy billions of dollars. 

McCarthy MC, He J, Hyams KC et al (1994) Acute hepatitis E infection during the 1988 floods in Khartoum, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 177 Shears P (1988) The Khartoum floods and diarrhoeal diseases. Lancet 2 517 Campanella N (1999) Infectious diseases and natural disasters the effects of Hurricane Mitch over Villanueva municipal area, Nicaragua. Public Health Rev 27 311-319... 

These trials should be placed within each country in the areas with the largest production. There are circumstances, however, under which countries can be excluded, even if their US crop imports are over 5%. For instance, if the petitioner does not market or does not intend to market the subject pesticide in one of the top two or three countries that export the crop to the USA, then the total percentage imported should not include the countries in which the pesticide is not marketed or intended to be marketed. Also, if natural disasters or political problems make it difficult to include a specific country, one may request that the EPA accept additional trials from neighboring countries which can be shown to have similar climatic conditions and cultural practices. 

Parry-Jones, B. and Parry-Jones, W., Post-traumatic stress disorder Supportive evidence from an eighteenth century natural disaster. Psychological Medicine 24(1), 15-27, 1994. 

Although mitigation efforts may influence the timing and severity of climate change, adaptation efforts are also necessary. Climate change will lead to inevitable natural hazards, but need not necessarily lead to natural disasters. 

International Network Standard Method for Natural Disaster Investigation. 

Contribution to an International Network and a Standardized Methodology for the Investigation of Natural Disasters to Learn from Rare Severe Weather Events (like Ice Storm 98 ). 

Improved Predictive Tools both for Design Tolerances and the Management of the Impacts of Natural Disasters. 

Monitoring of Structures during extreme weather (e.g., Ice Storm 98) to Fine-Tune Climate Design Data and Contribute to the International Investigation of Natural Disasters. 

This collection of brief, reader-friendly predictions and prophecies includes information on everything from medical discoveries and political developments to natural disasters and alien attacks—plus complete profiles of history s greatest prophets, philosophers, mystics, alchemists, seers, and psychics... 

Sometimes, insurance companies are involved in the systems of compensation fund that have been established in some countries. This is the case of special government disaster funds within the target to promote framework of contingency measures to cover the economic costs of natural disasters [14]. 

Protection of our food and water supplies against terrorist attack presents a major challenge, because the supply chain is so extensive and open. But it is a challenge that chemists and chemical engineers should accept. Moreover, the threats to food and water are not limited to terrorism—a variety of natural disasters could wreak havoc as well. 

The pKa is one of those unfortunate concepts that turns everything around. It also puts acid strengths on a logarithmic scale similar to earthquakes and other natural disasters. Logarithms will be discussed later. For right now, just remember that stronger acids have lower p/f s. 

Pan American Health Organization. Emergency Vector Control After Natural Disaster. Scientific Publication No. 419. Washington, DC Pan American Health Organization, 1982. 

Sometimes natural gas is discharged due to damage of gas installations resulting from natural disasters such as earthquakes. In Japan for example, where... 

Public accidents are any accidents other than motor-vehicle accidents that occur in the use of public facilities or premises (swimming, hunting, falling, etc.) and deaths resulting from natural disasters even if they happened in the home. 

---