Standby power

High energy density batteries with long shelf life, developed originally for military use, are based on lithium and thionyl chloride. These batteries are used ia backup or standby power sources for computer, missile, and telephone systems (191,192). 

The case is the largest portion of the container. The case is divided into compartments which hold the cell elements. The cores normally have a mud-rest area used to collect shed soHds from the battery plates and supply support to the element. Typical materials of constmction for the battery container are polypropylene, polycarbonate, SAN, ABS, and to a much lesser extent, hard mbber. The material used in fabrication depends on the battery s appHcation. Typical material selections include a polypropylene—ethylene copolymer for SLI batteries polystyrene for stationary batteries polycarbonate for large, single ceU standby power batteries and ABS for certain sealed lead—acid batteries. 

NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, 1999 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

ANSI/IEEE 446/1995 Recommended practice for emergency and standby power systems for industrial and commercial applications. (IEEE Orange Book) ... 

Small standby power turbines less than 2-MW. The smaller size of these turbines in many cases have centrifugal compressors driven by radial inflow turbines, the larger units in this range are usually axial... 

Intermittent operation and peak-load operation lead to more problems and reduee the life of many of the hot parts. Peak-load units aeeount for only about 20% of the units above the 10 MW range. The smaller units (between 1 and 10 MW) are usually operated as standby power generators or for eompressor drives mostly on offshore platforms. Small-unit repair eosts average about 55,000- 100,000. These units are very rarely used for peaking serviees. 

Std. 303 Recommended Practice for Auxiliary Devices for Motors in Class 1, Groups A, B, C, and D, Division 2 Locations RP 446 Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications... 

All process plants require both steam and electric power in their operations. Power is cither purchased from local utility companies or generated at the plant site. Even if power is generated by the process plant, arrangements for standby power from the local utility must be made for emergency purposes. Steam is rarely purchased but is generated at the plant for use in the process and as a driving medium for pumps and compressors. 

Diesels are used in many industrial applications (for example, for base-load generation in mines, cement plants and in remote regions of the world). In addition, they are often utilized to provide standby power for hospitals, telecommunications, banks, computer centers and office complexes that must have full independent power capability. The diesel can be started rapidly, making it ideal for peak lopping duties to meet maximum load demands, or for emergency use in cases of power supply interruptions. 

PEMFC Ho.CHjOH 25-100 C 0.1-200 40-50 500-1000 10,000-100,000 50-2000 Transportation, standby power, portable power, space station... 

DMFC CH30H 25-150°C 0.1-10 30-45 50-200 1,000-10,000 1000 Portable power, standby power, transportation ( )... 

A power failure exceeding the time limit is most critical during MD. In this case a standby power generator with a start up time of e. g. 1 min either for the operation of the whole plant or at least for the critical components is the only answer. The sequence of importance for the components can be ... 

The modular design of the HyPM fuel cells allows scaling for higher power requirements using a variety of configurations, such as series and parallel systems. Potential applications for the technology include vehicle propulsion, auxiliary power units (APU), stationary applications including backup and standby power units, combined heat and power units and portable power applications for the construction industry and the military. 

Standby power - Power during system outages is provided by a distributed generation system until service can be restored. This is used for customers that require reliable back-up power for health or safety reasons, companies with voltage sensitive equipment, or where outage costs are unacceptably high. 

The world market for batteries of all types now exceeds 100 billion. Over half of this sum is accounted for by lead-acid batteries - mainly for vehicle starting, lighting and ignition (SL1), and industrial use including traction and standby power, with about one-third being devoted to primary cells and the remainder to alkaline rechargeable and specialist batteries. 

The main functions of storage batteries in the 250 Wh-5 MWh range are to provide standby power for emergency lighting, telephone services, hospital equipment, etc., or for local storage in remote relay stations, radio beacons,... 

Zinc-based industrial primary cells range in size from 90 Ah cylindrical cells used mainly in telecommunications, hazard warning lights, etc., to 2000 Ah cells designed for inshore navigation beacons, standby power and railway track and signalling circuits. 

Fig. 5.14 Standby power high performance Plante cell. The container is fabricated from transparent styrene acrylonitrile which enables the electolyte level and cell condition to be easily monitored. (By courtesy of Chloride Industrial Batteries,)...

The number of VRLA batteries used in stationary applications is increasing rapidly. They account for more than 5.2% of the total US standby power production and more than 60% of Japanese and European production. Fig. 5.15 shows a VRLA battery design for telecommunications standby power. Over the past decade, VRLA batteries have been scaled to sizes up to 3000 Ah for industrial applications. Although the original... 

Fig. 5.15 Valve-regulated battery for standby power in telecommunications, (By courtesy of AT T Laboratories Power Systems,)...

Larger button cells with rated capacities in the range 35-lOOOmAh are manufactured for direct mounting on printed circuit boards where they are used as standby power sources for CMOS RAMs, reference voltage sources, etc. Fig. 9.10 shows the construction of these cells and the position of the terminal/mounting pins. Projected discharge curves for Catalyst Research Corporation cells are given in Fig. 9.11. 

A prototype battery of about 8 mm thickness and a total area of 1 cm2 had a rated capacity of 150 mAh over the full voltage range, which extends from 3.6 to 1.5 V. The battery design is suitable for circuit integration as a standby power source for low current electronic devices. 

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