Sealed lead-acid

Wrought or extmded lead—teUurium (0.035—0.10 wt %) aUoys produce extremely fine grains. The binary aUoy is, however, susceptible to recrysta11i2ation. The addition of copper or sUver reduces grain growth and retains the fine grain si2e. Because teUurium is a poison for sealed lead—acid batteries, the teUurium content of lead and lead aUoys used for such purposes is usuaUy restricted to less than 1 ppm. 

The case is the largest portion of the container. The case is divided into compartments which hold the cell elements. The cores normally have a mud-rest area used to collect shed soHds from the battery plates and supply support to the element. Typical materials of constmction for the battery container are polypropylene, polycarbonate, SAN, ABS, and to a much lesser extent, hard mbber. The material used in fabrication depends on the battery s appHcation. Typical material selections include a polypropylene—ethylene copolymer for SLI batteries polystyrene for stationary batteries polycarbonate for large, single ceU standby power batteries and ABS for certain sealed lead—acid batteries. 

The Na—S battery couple is a strong candidate for appHcations ia both EVs and aerospace. Projected performance for a sodium—sulfur-powered EV van is shown ia Table 4 for batteries having three different energies (68). The advantages gained from usiag a Na—S system rather than the conventional sealed lead—acid batteries are evident. 

Power source Wall plug in AC 2 X 9-volt alkaline battery NiCd rechargeable battery pack Wall plug in AC one 8-volt sealed lead-acid battery 2 X 9-volt alkaline or lithium batteries external lead-acid battery pack Four D-cell alkaline batteries AC power kit with two rechargeable NiCd batteries... 

Refs. [i] HammelRO, Salkind AJ, Linden D (1994) Sealed lead-acid batteries. In Linden D (ed) Handbook of batteries, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 25.29-25.30 [ii] Nagy Z (ed) (2005) Online electrochemistry dictionary, http //electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/dict.htm [Hi] Crompton TR (2000) Battery reference book, 3rd edn. Newnes, Oxford, Chap. 31.14, pp 31.18-31.19... 

Starved electrolyte battery — A -> battery with minimum amount of -> electrolyte. The electrolyte in starved electrolyte cells or batteries exists in the porous structure of the - electrodes and absorbed in the separator, so it contains little or no free fluid electrolytic solution. This type of batteries is used in certain constructions of sealed - lead-acid and -> nickel-cadmium batteries that rely on gas diffusion and recombination on the electrodes during charging or overcharging in order to maintain maintenance-free conditions, and to suppress pressure buildup. Starved electrolyte batteries benefit from larger - energy density due to the reduced amount of electrolyte. This design may suffer from poor heat dissipation compared with -> flooded batteries, thus for high power applications this point has to be taken into account. 

Some units have optional internal batteries, and can operate without them, and are solely used for charging an external battery bank. These different configurations will be noted in the operator s manual. Most units use sealed lead acid batteries that require chargers specifically designed for sealed batteries. 

For small-size portable rechargeable batteries, the collection of spent nickel cadmium batteries started in 1985 and has been pursued in combination with the collection of nickel metalhydride batteries, lithium ion batteries and small-size sealed lead-acid batteries. The collection rate of nickel cadmium batteries was over 40% in 2000. 

Approximately 80% of all small-size sealed lead-acid batteries are estimated to be used for commercial purposes, such as UPS, and should be treated in the same way as industrial batteries, as stated above. 

Sealed Lead-acid power tools, portable electronic equipment. 

Sealed lead-acid batteries are in both cylindrical and prismatic shapes. The cyclindrical ones (usually designed as SLA batteries) have excellent high-rate characteristics. Other than in portable devices, sealed batteries can be used in standby applications, e.g. telephone exchange stations, were they are kept in float charge. In this case too, oxygen recombination is possible. 

As for the sealed lead-acid, a thin electrolyte layer is used to help oxygen transfer. 

An Act To phase out the use of mercury in batteries and provide for the efficient and cost-effective collection and recycling or proper disposal of used nickel cadmium batteries, small sealed lead-acid batteries, and certain other batteries, and for other purposes. 

Iowa has a comprehensive collection, transportation, and recycling or disposal program for Ni-Cd, household small sealed lead-acid, and mercuric-oxide batteries. Each of these battery types is banned from disposal in MSW. Manufacturers must provide a telephone number to consumers, offering information on returning batteries for recycling or proper disposal. Costs of the program may be built into the original cost of the battery. 

Rhode Island law prohibits the disposal of Ni-Cd, mercuric-oxide, and small sealed lead-acid batteries in municipal or commercial solid waste. Manufacturers of these battery types must ensure that a system exists for the proper collection, transportation, and processing of waste batteries (this requirement pertains only to manufacturers whose batteries are used by a government agency or an industrial, communications, or medical facility). Manufacturers must accept waste batteries returned to their facilities for proper processing. 

In 1957, Otto Jache from Sonnenschein introduced the gel electrolyte and patented the sealed lead—acid battery [18]. In this battery construction, the oxygen evolved at the positive plates passes through cracks in the gel and reaches the negative plates, where it is reduced and thus restores the lost water and suppresses hydrogen evolution. The German company Sonnenschein started mass production of gel-sealed lead—acid stationary batteries. 

Dietz, H. Radwan, M. Doering, H. Wiesener, K. On the hydrogen balance in sealed lead/acid batteries and its effect on battery performance. J. Power Sources 1993,42, 89-101. 

In Europe, the drive system of the Impact propelled the Opel Impuls2, a conversion vehicle based on the Opel Astra Caravan in 1991. A new, specifically developed AC induction drive unit with IGBT inverter technology was used to build a small fleet of Impuls vehicles see Figure 8.4). The fleet served as an automotive test bed for the integration of various advanced battery systems such as nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, sodium-nickel chloride, sodium-sulfur, and sealed lead-acid. 

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