Battery Plates

Batteries, storage Battery chargers Battery grids Battery limit Battery oxide Battery packs Battery plates... 

The principal types of scrap are battery plates and paste, drosses, skimmings, and industrial scrap such as solders, babbitts, cable sheathing, etc. 

The lead-bearing components ate released from the case and other nordead-containing parts, followed by the smelting of the battery plates, and refinement to pure lead or specification alloys. The trend toward battery grid alloys having Httle or no antimony, increases the abiHty of a recovery process to produce soft lead (refined). As requited in the production of primary lead, each step in the secondary operations must meet the environmental standards for lead concentration in ait (see Air pollution Lead compounds, industrial toxicology). 

Nitric acid dissolves silver at all concentrations. This is the principal chemical reaction for the dissolution of silver into the soluble nitrate, which is the chemical intermediate for the production of electroplated ware, catalysts, battery plates, pharmaceuticals, mirrors, and silver haUdes for photographic materials. Nitric acid removes silver from the residual pellet in the gold fire assay. 

Recycling of antimony provides a large proportion of the domestic supply of antimony. Secondary antimony is obtained from the treatment of antimony-hearing lead and tin scrap such as battery plates, type metal, beating metal, antimonial lead, etc. The scrap are charged iato blast furnaces, reverberatory furnaces, or rotary furnaces, and an impure lead bulHon or lead alloy is produced. Pure lead or antimony is then added to meet the specifications of the desired lead—antimony alloy. 

The case is the largest portion of the container. The case is divided into compartments which hold the cell elements. The cores normally have a mud-rest area used to collect shed soHds from the battery plates and supply support to the element. Typical materials of constmction for the battery container are polypropylene, polycarbonate, SAN, ABS, and to a much lesser extent, hard mbber. The material used in fabrication depends on the battery s appHcation. Typical material selections include a polypropylene—ethylene copolymer for SLI batteries polystyrene for stationary batteries polycarbonate for large, single ceU standby power batteries and ABS for certain sealed lead—acid batteries. 

Your facility processes lead oxide as a reactant in the formation process, where the lead oxide in the positive battery plates is oxidized to lead peroxide. 

Lead monoxide has wide commercial apphcations. It is used in lead-sulfuric acid type storage battery plates in optical and electrical glasses in vitreous enamels, glazes, and fine tableware in lead soaps for varnishes as a vul-... 

More rigorously, this is any closed current loop circuit where the charge carriers in all portions of the loop have the same m/q ratio. For example, battery-powered circuits do not meet that condition, since the internal ionic currents between the battery plates may have m/q ratios several hundred times the m/q ratio of the electrons that pass between the outsides of the two plates and through the external circuit containing the load. With Bedini s process, a battery-powered system can be made to charge its batteries at the same time that it powers its load see Bearden [17]. 

Antimony is used in alloys, with lead for storage battery plates, with lead and tin in type metals and body solders, with tin and copper in bearing or antifriction metals. Antimony occurs chiefly as the sulfide (stibnite, Sb2S3) which is produced mainly in China, only small amounts in Mexico and Bolivia. Stibnite is (1) melted and reduced to antimony by iron metal and separated from fused ferrous sulfide (See also Stibnite) (2) roasted in air, and sublimed antimonous oxide collected and reduced by heating to fusion with carbon and sodium carbonate. 

Graphite fibers have been incorporated with aluminum, magnesium, lead, and copper foi use in satellite, missile, and helicopter structures storage battery plates, and electrical contacts and bearings. 

Fig. 13.36. A schematic of the discharge curve" for batteries. In this ideal model the potential during discharge through a given load remains constant until the active material on the battery plates has all been used up, whereupon the volts would suddenly become zero. An excellent performance of a real cell is shown in the top line of the figure. Some systems considered as useful for batteries suffer a rapid fall in potential, as shown in the lowest curve.

Cadmium Alloys, batteries, plating, reactors Canada, Australia, Mexico 66... 

Nickel Batteries, plating, coins, catalysts Canada, Norway, Australia 64... 

Lead Oxides Leady litharge containing 25 to 30 percent free lead is required for storage-battery plates. It is processed on Raymond Imp mills. They have the ability to produce litharge that has a desired low density of 1.1 to 1.3 cm (18 to 22 g/in ). A 56-kW (75-hp) unit produces 860 kg/h (1900 Ib/h) of material having this density. 

Stibine is generated if nascent hydrogen can react with antimony in an acid environment, e.g. in lead-acid batteries, where antimony may be a component of the battery plates. ... 

The sublimate can be reduced in a blast furnace similar to that used for smelting lead. The metal is alloyed with lead for battery plates and with tin in pewter, in both cases conferring greater hardness. It is also used with lead in corrosion-resistant piping, with lead and tin in type metals and with tin, copper and lead in bearing metals. The oxide, Sb Og, is employed in vitreous enamels and as a pigment. 

Use Weighting mud in oil-drilling, paper coatings, paints, filler and delustrant for textiles, rubber, plastics and lithograph inks, base for lake colors, X-ray photography, opaque medium for gastrointestinal radiography, in battery plate expanders. 

MAJOR PRODUCT APPLICATIONS conductive inks, pastes, coatings, adhesives, thick films, battery plates, electrical contacts, powder metallurgy, capacitor inks... 

Nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and mercury-cadmium batteries Plating... 

The standard for emissions in the majority report makes no allowance for the tremendously varied kind and varied toxicity of dusts and fumes emitted by industry. A plant crushing rock for road materials and emitting relatively non-toxic dusts is required to provide the same degree of controls as a plant smelting lead battery plates and emitting lead dust and fume.10... 

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