Tissues, marine, sample

The chemical form of arsenic in marine environmental samples is of interest from several standpoints. Marine organisms show widely varying concentrations of arsenic [4-6] and knowledge of the chemical forms in which the element occurs in tissues is relevant to the interpretation of these variable degrees of bioaccumulation and to an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved. Different arsenic species have different levels of toxicity [7] and bioavailability [8] and this is important in food chain processes, while physicochemical behaviour in processes such as adsorption onto sediments also varies with the species involved [9]. It has... 

Endrin has been detected in several marine fish species in regional or state monitoring studies. From 1990 to 1993, endrin was found in 40 of 47 whole or fillet samples of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) at 2 of 4 sites along the South Carolina coast, at mean concentrations of 5.61 8.94 and 0.65 3.67 ppb wet weight (Mathews 1994). In this same study, endrin was found in 33 of 74 flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) samples, and in 19 of 58 seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) samples at only one coastal site, at mean concentrations of 0.14 0.81 and 2.68 11.13 ppb, respectively. Endrin was detected in all of 10 liver tissue samples from cod (Gadus morhua) in the Northwest Atlantic at a mean concentration of 9 ppb (range, 5-19 ppb), but not in muscle or ovary samples (Hellou et al. 1993). 

Chemical study of a marine-derived Penicillium brocae, obtained from a tissue sample of a Fijian Zyzzya sp. sponge, resulted in the isolation and characterization of three novel cytotoxic polyketides, brocaenols A-C 136, 137a, and 137b, possessing an unusual enolized oxepine lactone ring system <2003JOC2014>. 

Table 8.3 Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in edible tissue samples from marine fish (ng WHO-TEQ/kg fat)... 

Table 7.8 summarizes the level of POPs contamination reported in representative freshwater and marine biota (fish, shellfish, water bird eggs and marine mammals) of Hong Kong in 2000 2004. The mean tissue levels of POPs were weighted arithmetic means calculated based on tissue samples analyzed and reported in individual studies. 

Levels of POPs in two local marine mammals, the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Unless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), were measured in two ad hoc studies of stranded cetaceans in 1995-2000 and 2000-2001, respectively (Jefferson et al., 2002 Imanishi et al., 2004). Cetacean tissue samples were collected from stranded animals found in Hong Kong and analyzed for DDT, mirex, toxaphene and PCBs. High mean blubber concentrations of DDT (32.8 mg kg-1 ww) and PCBs (8.19 mg kg-1 ww) were reported. 

Maintenance of bottom fish and marine mollusk communities. Bioaccumulation in the marine food chain will not result in unacceptable tissue COPC concentrations. Measure COPC concentrations in tissue samples and compare to literature-based toxicity reference values. 

The study of sulfide metabolism at hydrothermal vents dictated the development of methods that could process hundreds of samples which contain complex mixtures of sulfur compounds in a variety of blood, seawater and tissues samples. In addition, we needed the capability of using "S-radiolabeled compounds for the tracing of complex sulfur metabolic pathways in bacteria and animal compartments of the different hydrothermal vent symbioses. In some instances, in situ sampling by submersibles at depths of 2500 meters with associated recovery times of two hours necessitated the remote derivatization of samples at depth prior to recovery. None of the above methods completely met our needs. We have adapted the bimane-HPLC method (24.351 for shipboard use and have found it a particularly robust method for studying a number of questions concerning the role of reduced sulfur compounds in the marine environment. 

TCDD and OCDD in the Arctic than in sub-Arctic areas is thought to be transpolar movement of aerosols from combustion-related sources originating in Eurasia (Norstrom et al. 1990). CDDs and CDFs were determined in caribou tissue samples from 7 herds across the Canadian Arctic (Hebert et al. 1996). In contrast to marine mammals, concentrations for caribou were extremely low, sub-ng/kg (lipid basis), for all congeners except OCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in one herd. OCDD was found in most of the samples at concentrations ranging from < 0.2 ng/kg in fat to 4.7 ng/kg in adipose tissue. The one pooled liver sample analyzed from the Yukon had an OCDD concentration of 11 ng/kg (lipid basis). 

TCDD was detected in adipose tissue samples of two herds in the eastern Canadian Arctic at levels of 0.73 and 0.14 ng/kg, but was not detected in tissue samples from other herds at detections limits as low as 0.03 ng/kg (lipid basis). CDF levels were sub-ng/kg in all cases. TEQs were dominated by non-ortho substituted PCBs in all cases, and ranged from 0.33 ng/kg to 3.29 ng/kg in adipose tissue. The authors concluded that caribou tissues are therefore less contaminated than tissues from marine mammals. 

Domoic acid and its derived products are involved in ASP. These compounds show [M+H] and [M-H] in positive-ion and negative-ion ESl-MS, respectively. In MS-MS, stmcture-informative fragmentation is observed. In an early study [115], domoic acid was detected at 37 pg/ml in a heavily contaminated mussel tissue extract. In a more recent study [116], using CRM in an ion-trap MS experiment, detection limits as low as 8 ng/ml was achieved in various marine biological samples including scallops. 

Marine biological tissues Decompose tissue sample with HN03 under pressure add sulfuric and perchloric acids heat at 310 °C to evaporate excess acid add HCI HGAAS 2x107 g/g No data Welz and Melcher 1985... 

Samples of wastewater, sediments, marine tissues, foodstuffs, petroleum, and coal liquids have been analyzed using this method. Though the GC-UV finishing step was the same in each case, sample workup prior to GC injection varied considerably depending on sample types. 

Marine Tissues/Foodstuffs (15). Approximately 450 g of sample is dried and placed into a 2-L flask containing 300 mL ethanol, 15 g of KOH pellets, and boiling chips. The sample is spiked with 14C BaA and BaP,. approximately 60,000 DPM of each, and the mixture is refluxed for 2 hr using a Friedrich condenser. After refluxing, the warm mixture is transferred to a 2-L separatory funnel. The boiling flask is washed successively with two 125-mL portions of distilled H20 and two 100-mL portions of ethanol. Finally, the flask is washed with 150 mL of isooctane. All the wash solutions are added to the 2-L separatory funnel. 

Marine Tissues (Edible Portion). A number of marine tissues, both fin and shellfish, have been analyzed for PNA content (15). These samples were obtained from both contaminated and noncontaminated areas. Table IV lists the data obtained on fin fish samples and Table V contains data from shellfish. These data indicate that it is rare to observe the presence of PNAs in fin fish. Only in the case of a menhaden caught in Raritan Bay (a contaminated area) and a flounder caught south of Long Island did we detect any PNAs 1.5 ppb of BaP for the menhaden and 2 and 0.5 ppb for pyrene and methyl pyrene in the flounder. 

The iodine content of the thyroid gland in lambs and in adult sheep has been reported by Marine and Lenhart (1909) and by Sigurjonsson (1938b). In the study by Marine and Lenhart, an average iodine concentration of 9 mg % was found for tissue samples from lambs aged 8-9 months, whereas a distinctly higher mean iodine level of 59 mg % N = 22) was recorded for 1- to 4-year-old animals. In contrast to this, the assays performed by Sigurjonsson. showed essentially similar values for 5-inonth-... 

Environmental studies [17] of urban airsheds in several areas of the country have shown that high levels of atmospheric vanadium oxide are associated with industrialized areas, especially those areas where fossil fuels are burned or where vanadate steel is being produced. In addition, vanadium has been shown to exhibit increased tissue levels in fish and other marine animals associated with oil rigs in the Santa Barbara basin of the United States [18]. Blotcky et al. [19] determined the vanadium content in shrimp, crab, and oyster from four ocean sites off and near Galveston Island, Texas. They found that the vanadium content was greater in marine biological samples taken in waters near industrialized areas as compared to samples taken in waters near the nonindustrialized sections. Speciation of the vanadium is very important since the two oxidation states, i.e., IV or V, have different nutritional and toxic properties [14]. Orvini et al. [20] applied a preirradiation speciation method to freshwaters from the Italian Ticino and Po rivers and found out that vanadium was present in various tetravalent cationic and pentavalent anionic as well as in natural complexed forms. 

Exceptions to the practice of not adding buffer to plant tissue samples are numerous. Root tissues must be maintained moist and consequently are examined while in close contact with buffer-saturated filter paper disks [34, 35]. Immersing root tissue in water does not yield satisfactory data. Callus tissue cells and cell cultures are commonly measured while being maintained on agar or in liquid media. Marine tissues may be examined in water suspension by flow calorimetry, but unstirred samples rapidly settle to the bottom of the ampule and become O2 limited during batch calorimetry. 

Numerous high pressure Hquid chromatographic techniques have been reported for specific sample forms vegetable oHs (55,56), animal feeds (57,58), seta (59,60), plasma (61,62), foods (63,64), and tissues (63). Some of the methods requite a saponification step to remove fats, to release tocopherols from ceHs, and/or to free tocopherols from their esters. AH requite an extraction step to remove the tocopherols from the sample matrix. The methods include both normal and reverse-phase hplc with either uv absorbance or fluorescence detection. AppHcation of supercritical fluid (qv) chromatography has been reported for analysis of tocopherols in marine oHs (65). 

Extraction of Sodium Channel Blockers. A review of published reports shows that methods for purification of sodium channel blockers from bacterial cultures are similar to techniques for isolation of TTX and STX from pufferfish and dinoflagellates (30, 31, 38, 39). Typically, cell pellets of bacterial cultures are extracted with hot 0.1% acetic acid, the resulting supernatant ultra-filtered, lyo-philized, and reconstituted in a minimal volume of 0.1% acetic acid. Culture media can also be extracted for TTX by a similar procedure (Ji). Both cell and supernatant extracts are analyzed further by gel filtration chromatography and other biological, chemical, and immunological methods. Few reports describe purification schemes that include extraction of control samples of bacteriological media (e.g., broths and agars) which may be derived from marine plant and animal tissues. 

Other kinds of bloassays have been used to detect the presence of specific allelochemical effects (8), effects on N2 fIxatlon (9), the presence of volatile compounds (10) and of Inhibitory substances produced by marine microalgae (11). Putnam and Duke (12) have summarized the extraction techniques and bioassay methods used In allelopathy research. Recent developments In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of allelochemlcals from plant extracts dictates the need for bloassays with sensitivity to low concentrations of compounds contained In small volumes of eluent. Einhellig at al. (13) described a bloassay using Lemna minor L. growing In tissue culture cluster dish wells that maximizes sensitivity and minimizes sample requirements. 

Techniques for analysis of different mercury species in biological samples and abiotic materials include atomic absorption, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Lansens etal. 1991 Schintu etal. 1992 Porcella etal. 1995). Methylmercury concentrations in marine biological tissues are detected at concentrations as low as 10 pg Hg/kg tissue using graphite furnace sample preparation techniques and atomic absorption spectrometry (Schintu et al. 1992). 

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