Mussel tissue

Endosulfan does not bioaccumulate to high concentrations in terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems, residue levels in fish generally peak within 7 days to 2 weeks of continuous exposure to endosulfan. Maximum bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are usually less than 3,000, and residues are eliminated within 2 weeks of transfer to clean water (NRCC 1975). A maximum BCE of 600 was reported for a-endosulfan in mussel tissue (Ernst 1977). In a similar study, endosulfan, isomers not specified, had a measured BCE of 22.5 in mussel tissue (Roberts 1972). Tissue concentrations of a-endosulfan fell rapidly upon transfer of the organisms to fresh seawater for example, a depuration half-life of 34 hours (Ernst 1977). Higher BCFs were reported for whole-body and edible tissues of striped mullet (maximum BCF=2,755) after 28 days of exposure to endosulfan in seawater (Schimmel et al. 1977). However, tissue concentrations decreased to undetectable levels 48 hours after the organisms were transferred to uncontaminated seawater. Similarly, a BCE of 2,650 was obtained for zebra fish exposed to 0.3 pg/L of endosulfan for 21 days in a flow-through aquarium (Toledo and Jonsson 1992). It was noted that endosulfan depuration by fish was rapid, with approximately 81% total endosulfan eliminated within 120 hours when the fish were placed in a tank of water containing no endosulfan. 

In the meantime, SS-ZAAS has gained in popularity in numerous apphcations, and has become of increasing importance for analyte homogeneity determination in the production and use of reference materials. Examples are Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Fe in codfish candidate RM, Hg in copper metal, Zn in mussel tissue, Cd, Pb, Hg,... 

Currently available CRMs Calibrants are available for TBT (very evident, as TBT is an anthropogenic contaminant) and for a number of other organic tin compounds. There is also an interesting choice of environmental CRMs (sediment and mussel tissue) certified for TBT content. 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Mussel Tissue (Organic PAHs (14) PCBs (25) PAHs (16)... 

Stability Assessment In general there is no formal stability study prior to the certification of a natural matrix S RM. H owever, the stability of the certified analytes is monitored on a regular basis, typically every 1-3 years depending on the analytes, as the SRMs are analyzed as control samples during the analyses of similar matrix samples. A recent study of PAHs in frozen mussel tissue over nearly 10 years found no significant changes in the concentrations of the measured PAHs (Schantz et al. 2000). 

NIST has also used results obtained from inter-laboratory studies as an additional set of results in the two or more methods approach (mode 2 in Table 3.13). For example for the recent value assignment for PCBs and pesticides in SRM 1944, the mean of results from 19 laboratories participating in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise was used as an additional set of data in the determination of the certified values. Similar inter-laboratory study results were also included in the value assignment of PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides for two recently issued mussel tissue materials, SRM 2977 and SRM 2978. 

Donais MK, Saraswati R, Mackey E, Vangel MG, Levenson MS, Mandic V, Azemard S, Hor-VAT M, Burow M, Emons H, Ostapczuk P, and Wise SA (1997) Certification of three mussel tissue Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for MeHg and total mercury content. Fresenius J Anal Chem 358 424-430. 

Schantz MM, Demiralp R, Greenberg RR, Hays MJ, Parris, RM, Porter BJ, Poster DL, Sander LC, Schiller SB, Sharpless KS, and Wise SA (1997a) Certification of a frozen mussel tissue standard reference material (SRM 1974a) for trace organic constituents. Fresenius J Anal Chem 358 431-440. 

ScHANTZ MM, Porter BJ, and Wise SA (2000) The stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in frozen mussel tissue. Polycyclic Aromat Compd (in press). 

Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Christensen RG, Roster BJ, Kurz J, Schantz MM, and Zeisler R (1991) Preparation and analysis of a frozen mussel tissue reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Environ Sci Tech 25 1695-1704. 

Bovine liver, pig kidney, mussel tissue (also for butyltin compounds), tuna fish (methyhnercury), tuna fish tissue (As spedation) Non-defatted lobster hepatopaucreas, lobster hepatopancreas, dogfish liver, dogfish muscle Fish flesh Fish tissue... 

Biochemical studies with mussel tissue homogenates and microsomal fractions have been conducted using viscera (whole mussel minus adductor muscles), green gland, gill, and mantle. Using aerobic conditions and an NADPH-generating system, the metabolism of aldrin and p-nitroanisole have been observed. 

Mussels (Mytilis edulis) exposed to a small spill (approximately 6,000 liters) of fuel oil no. 2 were followed for 86 days post-spill to assess the uptake and retention of the fuel oil components. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic concentrations increased significantly in the mussel tissue the 1st day however, by day 5 post-spill, the -alkanes were barely detectable, and by day 21, the concentration of the... 

The operating conditions of a new blending device which mixed the mussel tissue with the extractant were set after an experimental design and optimised with a central composite design... 

G. Fillmann, T.S. Galloway, R.C. Sanger, M.H. Depledge and J.W. Read-man, Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues, Anal. Chim. Acta, 461 (2002) 75-84. 

Page, D.S., Widdows, J., 1991. Temporal and spatial variation in levels of alkyltins in mussels tissues A toxicological interpretation of field data. Mar. Environ. Res. 32, 113-129. 

Pentachlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorinated biphenyls are the major PCB groups typically found in P. viridis. PCBs are sold commercially as technical mixtures, called Aroclors, each with a specific pattern of chlorination. Patterns have been determined for Aroclor mixtures 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260 and 1262 (Frame et al., 1996). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to compare the relative PCB congener profile of mussel tissues analysed in 2002 and the commercial Aroclor mixtures (Fig. 15.14). The closest match in the PCB data for P. viridis samples collected in Singapore from our study is the common Aroclor 1254. The slight discrepancy is due to the presence of PCB-149 in mussel tissue and a greater prominence of PCB-110 and -118 in Aroclor 1254. PCA analysis revealed that samples from the west Straits of Johore (Wl, W2 and W3) contain more penta-CBs and less hexa-CBs than samples from the east Straits (E6, E7 and E8). The sample collected in the south of Singapore (S4) has an intermediary pattern of PCB contamination. A similar match has been observed in marine crabs and fishes... 

Quevauviller, Ph., Morabito, R., Ebdon, L., Cofino, W., Muntau, H. and Campbell, M.J. (1997b) The certification of the content (mass fraction) of monobutyltin, dibutyltin and tributyltin in mussel tissue (CRM 477). EUR Report, European Commission, Brussels, EN 17921. 

Williams, D. E., Dawe, S. C., Kent, M. L., Andersen, R. J., Craig, M., and Holmes, C. F. B., Bio accumulation and clearance of microcystins from salt water mussels Mytilus edulis and in vivo evidence for covalently-bound microcystins in mussel tissue, Toxicon, 35, 1617, 1997. 

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