Fish samples

Although it may appear obvious to compare fish sampled at clean and polluted... 

A study of estuarine fish in 21 coastal states conducted from 1972 to 1976 as part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program detected a mean concentration of 47 ppb in 3.9% of the fish tissue samples collected (Butler and Schutzmann 1978). In another study (Cooper 1991), fish collected in a watershed area of Mississippi were analyzed for residues of methyl parathion. Methyl parathion was detected in seven species of fish, with white bass having the greatest mean concentration, at 15.96 ppm. Methyl parathion was found in 3 of the 32 fish samples collected before spraying of methyl parathion and in 12 of the 25 samples of fish collected after methyl parathion spraying. 

Zooplankton are small, often microscopic crustaceans that live in the water colunm. They are widely distributed, common, and important in pelagic food webs. Zooplankton are eaten by marty fish and by early life stages of some fish that become piscivorous as juverriles or adrrlts. Zooplankton are not eaten by httmans but are an appropriate and relevant candidate indicator because of their importance in the trophic transfer of MeHg to fish. Sampling would not significantly affect populations or assemblages of zooplankton, even in small lakes. 

FIGURE 4.3 Recent changes in concentrations of total mercury in axial muscle of walleyes from 13 boreal lakes in northwestern Ontario and Manitoba, Canada. Standardized concentrations for 50-cm walleye sampled during 1996-2000 are plotted against standardized concentrations for fish sampled during 1977-1983 (data are for reference lakes reported in Johnston et al. 2003). Each point below the diagonal line, which has a slope of 1.0, represents a lake where the standardized concentration declined between the 2 sampling intervals. 

USEPA] US Envhonmental Protection Agency. 2000. Guidance for assessing chemical contamination data for use in fish advisories. Vol. 1 Fish sampling and analysis, 3rd ed. Washington, DC USEPA Office of Water. EPA 823-B-00-007. http //www.epa.gov/ waterscience/fishadvice/volumel/index.html... 

Chau YK, Wong PTS, Bengert GA, et al. 1979. Determination of tetraalkyl- lead compounds in water, sediments, and fish samples. Anal Chem 51 186-188. 

Loughran M., Diamond D., Monitoring of volatile bases in fish sample headspace using an acidochromic dye, Food Chem. 2000 69 97-103. 

Tertiary amines CIO -Oil CL, fluorescein sensitizer, fish samples 2.1-1.1 nmol 28... 

A rapid and simple method for PBDE and HBCD determinations in sediment and fish samples was used. The analytical method was based in selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) [21] without further cleanup step and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), working with negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) [22, 23],... 

Using the described methodology, recoveries ranged from 53 to 84% for sediment, and between 52 and 103% for fish samples. Detection limits (LODs) were in... 

The majority of published data in fish samples expressed PBDE levels in ng/g lipid weight (lw), making difficult the comparison with our results expressed in ng/g ww. However, some works also used the same unities of this study. Zennegg et al. [34] analyzed whitefish from different Swiss lakes, and reported PBDE levels between 1.6 and 7.4 ng/g ww. Carps from Detroit river and Des Plaines river [35] presented PBDE concentration levels around 5 ng/g ww and 12 ng/g ww, respectively. All these values were in accordance with our results in sites out of industrial impact (sites Cl and C2). 

Fig. 3 Percentage contribution of various congeners to the total PBDEs detected in fish samples from the control site (VI) and contaminated area (V3) during the two sampling campaigns (2004 and 2005)...

A second risk zone corresponds to Monzon (17,042 inhabitants), a highly industrialized city in the middle Cinca River. Its industrial activity has caused the historical release of organic and inorganic compounds to the river coming from chlor-alkali industry, from production and utilization of solvents and organochlo-rine pesticides, and from the use of brominated flame retardants in the production processes. Very high concentrations of mercury have been recorded for sediment and fish samples in the downstream of Monzon [2-4]. 

Assessment of the geographical distribution of pollution in the river using fish samples is more difficult than in the case of SEs, probably because of their mobility, which in some cases can lead to confusing results. PCI identified in fish samples defines a contrast between two inversely correlated contamination profiles. Positive... 

The electrochemical behaviour of trace concentrations of triphenylstannyl acetate, using a mercury film-glassy carbon electrode, was investigated by various measuring methods cyclic voltametry, differential pulse voltametry and controlled-potential electrolysis. Determination by DPASV (differential pulse ASV) of water and fish samples has LOD 2.5 nM98. 

Pyysalo, H., K. Wickstrom, and R. Litmanen. 1983. A baseline study on the concentrations of chlordane-, PCB- and DDT-compounds in Finnish fish samples in the year 1982. Chemosphere 12 837-842. 

Concentrations of total PCBs — measured as Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1260 — in adult freshwater fishes in the United States from noncontaminated sites declined between 1976 and 1984 (Table 24.9), and more than 90% of all analyzed samples contained measurable quantities of PCBs during this period (Schmitt et al. 1990). Total PCB concentrations in domestic freshwater fishes in 1986/87 from contaminated sites were as high as 124,000 pg/kg FW (USEPA 1992a). In general, total PCB concentrations in domestic freshwater fishes sampled between 1976 and 1984 were... 

Akpan, V., M. Lodovici, and P. Dolara. 1994. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh and smoked fish samples from three Nigerian cities. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53 246-253. 

Hexachloroethane has not generally been reported in foods. Hexachloroethane was not detected in 116 fish samples reported in the STORET database (Staples et al. 1985), nor was it detected in 28 fish samples from 14 Lake Michigan tributaries (Camanzo et al. 1987). However, hexachloroethane was detected in 10 of 10 Lake Ontario rainbow trout at an average concentration of 0.03 ng/g (Oliver and Niimi 1983). No information was located regarding hexachloroethane in other foods. 

There may be a potential for contamination of fish and wildlife in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites. Endrin was detected in fish samples collected at 4 of the 102 NPL sites and in game animal samples collected at one of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium however, levels of contamination were not reported (HazDat 1996). 

The chromatographic determination of AEs in the environment has been extensively reviewed [3,4], AEs have been extracted from the aqueous matrix, among others, by solvent sublation [65], LLE [66], SPE with Amberlite XAD-2 [67], cartridges [68-73] (i.e. C1 Ci8, GCB, C8) or Cis disks [74] and matrix solid-phase dispersion for bioconcentration studies in fish samples [75],... 

Blackburn et al. [18] collected a series of fish samples taken from marine and freshwater for food quality assurance purposes. The marine fish contained no detectable levels of APEO residues (0.05-0.1 pgg-1 NP). Samples were extracted with DCM in a Soxhlet extractor. Samples were concentrated and further purified on alumina columns using hexane to elute lipids and 1 1 hexane/acetone to collect the analytes. Samples of marine fish were further cleaned up with a second alumina column. APs were collected by combining the elutriates from a first elution with 10% acetic acid in hexane, and a subsequent hexane elution. 

Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined in fish samples collected in the field as well as in experimentally exposed fish in a survey conducted in the UK [12]. The experimental BCF of NP was between 90 and 125, suggesting a moderate accumulation in rainbow trout muscle. Environmental BCF values for NP in fish muscle (for gudgeon, roach and chub) were between 10 and 50. For A9PEOi+2, a maximum BCF of475 in chub liver was determined. A series of North Sea fish samples taken offshore contained no detectable APEO metabolites in liver or muscle tissue. 

Freshwater fish sampled (as part of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program) between 1980 and 1984 contained detectable concentrations of mirex. 

Figure 8. Effect of egg maturation and spawning on whole-body elimination of, 4C-4-CB residues in female rainbow trout. Top panel is for 4-CB elimination from whole fish. Each point and associated vertical bar (mean SE) represents percentage of whole-body residue of I4C-4-CB at time of transfer to 4-CB-free water (time zero). Vertical dotted line designates last group of fish sampled before whole-body elimination of 4-CB appeared to increase (35).

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