Lymphocyte function

Key PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes EC, endothelial cell lymphs, lymphocytes CD, cluster of differentiation iCAM, intercellular adhesion molecule LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion cell molecule-1. 

Jyonouchi, H. et al., Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. I. Effects of P-carotene and astaxanthin on murine lymphocyte functions and cell surface marker expression in in vitro culture system, Nutr. Cancer, 19, 93, 1991. 

Kimber I, Jackson JA, Stonard MD. 1986a. Failure of inorganic lead exposure to impair natural killer (NK) cell and T-lymphocyte function in rats. Toxicol Lett 31 211-218. 

Lai, R.B., Kumaraswami, V., Steel, C. and Nutman, T.B. (1990) Phosphorylcholine-containing antigens of Brugia malayi non-specifically suppress lymphocyte function. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42, 56-64. 

In vitro lymphocyte proliferation in media containing rat serum compared with foetal calf serum was lower in rats fed conventional wheat compared with organic wheat in protein-energy-malnourished rats. Conventional wheat represented higher risk for lymphocyte function than organic wheat in vulnerable conditions for the rat ... 

Benjamin, S. A., Jones, R. K., Snipes, M. B. and Lustgarten, C. S. (1975c). Comparative effects of inhaled relatively insoluble forms of "Y, l44Ce, and "Sr on canine peripheral lymphocyte function, page 90 in Radiation and the Lymphatic System, USAEC Report No. CONF-740930 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

Normal spleen lymphocyte function Maximum nickel concentrations in tissues (in mg/kg FW) were reached in blood (19.8) and placentas (3.9) 2 h following injection those in liver (4.9), spleen (1.3), and kidneys (56.2) were reached 4 h after injection and maximum concentration in fetal tissues (1.1) was reached after 8 h. Authors estimate that all nickel is excreted in 42 to 84 h Immunosuppression in spleen lymphocyte function LD50 (48 h)... 

No effect on milk production, feed intake, body weight, lymphocyte function, or histopathology of spleen, thymus, or lymph nodes. Postmortem examination showed enlarged liver, lungs, kidneys, and adrenals significant loss of renal function (Forsell etal. 1981 Kinzell etal. 1981)... 

Majeau, G.R. et al., Mechanism of lymphocyte function-associated molecule 3-Ig fusion proteins inhibition of T cell responses. Structure/function analysis in vitro and in human CD2 transgenic mice, J. Immunol., 152, 2753, 1994. 

Brouard, C. and Pascaud, M., Modulation of rat and human lymphocyte function by n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and acetylsalicylie acid, Ann Nutr Metab, 37, 146, 1993. 

Schwartz, J. et al., The development of methods for immunophenotypic and lymphocyte function analyses for assessment of Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) health, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 104, 1, 2005. 

Yung, R. et al., Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. II. T cells overexpressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 become autoreactive and cause a lupuslike disease in syngeneic mice, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 2866, 1996. 

Figure 5 Structure of some new lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 inhibitors.

Sulfasalazine Antimicrobial anti-inflammatory ulcerative colitis/inflammatory bowel diseases Suppresses NK cells impaired lymphocyte function... 

Note LFA-1 = lymphocyte function-associated molecule, VLA-4 = very late antigen 4 see text for details. 

Kurzinger, K., Springer, T. A. (1982). Purification and structural characterization of LFA-1, a lymphocyte function-associated antigen, and Mac-1, a related macrophage differentiation antigen associated with the type three complement receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 257,12412-18. 

Infection is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in MDS patients, accounting for 40-60% of deaths in various studies. The common infections are those normally associated with neutropenias, such as Gramnegative septicaemia and bacterial bronchopneumonias. Indeed, most MDS patients are neutropenic at some stage in their disease. Even those who do not have a neutropenia may have a defect in their neutrophil function. Many patients have clearly-defined defects in T- and B-lymphocyte functions, and variable defects in monocyte numbers or function have been described. Disorders of neutrophil function are common. Many reports indicate that phagocytosis, chemotaxis, respiratory-burst activity and degranulation are defective in some MDS patients, and hypogranulation is often observed. 

The delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is an assay frequently used to assess the T cell response to commonly encountered microbial antigens. It involves intradermal injection of antigens to which the majority of individuals are immune (known as recall antigens) such as vaccinia, herpes simplex, and mumps viruses, Candida, and tetanus toxoid. In normal individuals, after 24-48 hours, an inflammatory filtrate results in local edema and induration, the diameter of which can be measured. A negative reaction to all the antigens (anergy) is usually reflected by decreased lymphocyte function as measured in vitro and is frequently seen in AIDS and ARC patients. 

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SOD) is characterized by impaired B and T lymphocyte function that makes affected persons vuinerabie to iife-threatening infections. 

The anti-helminthic agent levamisole has im-munostimulant properties. It increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and stimulates lymphocytes function. It has proved to be effective in treating RA. Its most common adverse effect is the occurrence of rashes. 

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