Brugia malayi

Kozek, W.J. (1977) Transovarially-transmitted intracellular microorganisms in adult and larval stages of Brugia malayi. Journal of Parasitology 63, 992—1000. 

Taylor, M.J., Cross, H.F. and Bilo, K. (2000) Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode Brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. Journal of Experimental Medicine 191, 1429-1436. 

Fig. 9.1. Transmission electron micrographs of parasitic nematode cuticles in transverse section. The structurally distinct layers and the underlying hypodermal syncytia are indicated. Nematodes depicted are the infective larval stage of the canid parasite Toxocara canis and the fourth larval stage of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi.

Lewis, E., Hunter, S., Tetley, L., Nunes, C., Bazzicalupo, P. and Devaney, E. (1999) cMt-i-like genes are present in the filarial nematodes, Brugia pahangi and Brugia malayi, and, as in other nematodes, code for components of the cuticle. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 101, 173-183. 

Mehta, K., Rao, U.R., Vickery, A.C. and Fesus, L. (1992) Identification of a novel transglutaminase from the filarial parasite Brugia malayi and its role in growth and development. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 53, 1-15. 

Page, A.P., Landry, D., Wilson, G.G. and Carlow, C.K.S. (1995b) Molecular characterization of a cyclosporin A-insensitive cyclophilin from the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. Biochemistry 34, 11545-11550. 

Rao, U.R., Mehta, K., Subrahmanyam, D. and Vickery, A.C. (1991) Brugia malayi and Acanthocheilonema viteae- antifilarial activity of transglutaminase inhibitors in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 35, 2219-2224. 

Selkirk, M.E., Nielsen, L., Kelly, C., Partono, F., Sayers, G. and Maizels, R.M. (1989) Identification, synthesis and immunogenicity of cuticular collagens from the filarial nematodes Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi. Mokcular and Biochemical Parasitology 32, 229—246. 

Singh, R.N. and Mehta, K. (1994) Purification and characterization of a novel transglutaminase from filarial nematode Brugia malayi. European Journal of Biochemistry 225, 625—634. 

Canlas, M., Wadee, A., Lamontagne, L. and Piessens, W.F. (1984) A monoclonal antibody to surface antigens on microfilariae of Brugia malayi reduces microfilaremia in infected jirds. AmericanJournal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 33, 420-424. 

Fuhrman, J., Urioste, S., Hamill, B., Spielman, A. and Piessens, W. (1987) Functional and antigenic maturation of Brugia malayi microfilariae. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36, 70-74. 

Blaxter, M.L., Raghavan, N., Ghosh, I., Guiliano, D., Lu, W., Williams, S.A., Slatko, B. and Scott, A.L. (1996) Genes expressed in Brugia malayi i nfective third stage larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 77, 77—93. 

Ou, X., Tang, L., McCrossan, M., Henkle-Diihrsen, K. and Selkirk, M.E. (1995) Brugia malayi localisation and differential expression of extracellular and cytoplasmic CuZn superoxide dismutases in adults and microfilariae. Experimental Parasitology 80, 515-529. 

Maizels, R.M., Burke, L. and Denham, D.A. (1987c) Phosphorylcholine-bearing antigens in filarial nematode parasites analysis of somatic extracts, in-vitro secretions and infection sera from Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. Parasite Immunology 9, 49-66. 

Allen, J.E., Lawrence, R.A. and Maizels, R.M. (1995) Fine specificity of the genetically controlled immune-response to native and recombinant gpl 5/400 (polyprotein allergen) of Brugia malayi. Infection and Immunity 63, 2892-2898. 

Kennedy, M.W., Allen, J.E., Wright, A.S., McCruden, A.B. and Cooper, A. (1995a) The gpl5/400 polyprotein antigen of Brugia malayi binds fatty acid and retinoids. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 71, 41-50. 

Liu, L.X., Buhlmann, J.E. and Weller, P.F. (1992) Release of prostaglandin-E2 by microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 46, 520—523. 

Maizels, R.M., Gregory, W.F., Kwan-Lim, G.-E. and Selkirk, M.E. (1989) Filarial surface antigens the major 29 kilodalton glycoprotein and a novel 17-200 kilodalton complex from adult Brugia malayi parasites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 32, 213-228. 

Rajan, T.V., Porte, P., Yates, J.A., Keefer, L. and Shultz, L.D. (1996) Role of nitric oxide in host defense against an extracellular, metazoan parasite, Brugia malayi. 

Taylor, M.J., Cross, H.F., Mohammed, A.A., Trees, A.J. and Bianco, A.E. (1996) Susceptibility of Brugia malayi and Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae to nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in cell-free culture and from IFN gamma-activated macrophages. Parasitology 112, 315-322. 

Lai, R.B., Kumaraswami, V., Steel, C. and Nutman, T.B. (1990) Phosphorylcholine-containing antigens of Brugia malayi non-specifically suppress lymphocyte function. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42, 56-64. 

Atmadja AK, Atkinson R, Sartono E, Partono F, Yazdanbakhsh M, Maizels RM Differential decline in filarial-specific IgGl, IgG4 and IgE antibodies following diethylcarbamazine chemotherapy of Brugia malayi infected patients. J Infect Dis 1995 172 1567-1572. 

Semnani RT, Liu AY, Sabzevari H, et al Brugia malayi microfilariae induce cell death in human dendritic cells, inhibit their ability to make IL-12 and IL-10, and reduce their capacity to activate CD44- T cells. J Immunol 2003 171 1950-1960. 

Semnani RT, Law M, Kubofeik J, Nutman TB Filaria-induced immune evasion suppression by the infective stage of Brugia malayi at the earliest host-parasite interface. J Immunol 2004 172 6229-6238. 

Talaat KR, Bonawitz RE, Domenech P, Nutman TB Preexposure to live Brugia malayi microfilariae alters the innate response of human dendritic cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2006 193 196-204. 

Figure 16 Inhibitors of Brugia malayi AsnRS from computational screening.

Diethylcarbamazine is a derivative of piperazine. The mechanism of its action is not completely understood. However, it is highly likely that it causes a reduction in muscular activity, and even paralysis in hehninthes. It quickly gets rid of the parasites Brugia malayi, Loa loa, and Wuchereria bancrofti, and it is also used for diseases caused by Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella strptocerca. Synonyms of this drug are hetrazan, notezine, banoside, and others. 

Diethylcarbamazine is an anthelmintic drug that does not resemble other antiparasitic compounds although it has some relationship with piperazine derivatives and it has been useful in the management of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi and Loa loa and of tropical eosinophilia. It is a lipoxygenase inhibitor and alters the surface structure of the parasite making it more susceptible to destruction by the host. It is well absorbed and widely distributed. It is eliminated with an half-life of 5-13 hours both by metabolism and excretion unchanged in the urine. 

Diethylcarbamazine is the drug of choice for certain filarial infections, such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Loa loa. Since diethylcarbamazine is not universally active against hlarial infections, a specihc diagnosis based on blood smears, biopsy samples, and a geographic history is important. Dosage should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment. 

Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis) Brugia malayi (filariasis) tropical eosinophilia Loa loa (loiasis) Diethylcarbamazine Ivermectin... 

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTS BRUGIA MALAYI, BRUGIA TIMORI, AND LOA LOA... 

---