Fetal tissues

Polidoro G, Dillio C, Arduini A, et al. 1982. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities in human fetal tissues. Inability of acidic forms of glutathione S-transferase to catalyze the reduction of organic hydroperoxides. Biochem Int 4 637-645. 

Weiner RE, Mclnroy JF, Wegst AV. 1985. Determination of environmental levels of Pu, Am, U and Th in human fetal tissue. Health Phys 49(1) 141. 

Caffeine and almost all of its metabolites cross the placenta and diffuse into virtually all fetal tissues.12 Caffeine has been shown to produce chromosomal damage in mammalian cells.3 There is an increase in fetal mortality and morbidity when pregnant rats are fed caffeine in increasing doses.4... 

Pyruvate kinase (PK) is one of the three postulated rate-controlling enzymes of glycolysis. The high-energy phosphate of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to ADP by this enzyme, which requires for its activity both monovalent and divalent cations. Enolpyruvate formed in this reaction is converted spontaneously to the keto form of pyruvate with the synthesis of one ATP molecule. PK has four isozymes in mammals M, M2, L, and R. The M2 type, which is considered to be the prototype, is the only form detected in early fetal tissues and is expressed in many adult tissues. This form is progressively replaced by the M( type in the skeletal muscle, heart, and brain by the L type in the liver and by the R type in red blood cells during development or differentiation (M26). The M, and M2 isozymes display Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate. The Mj isozyme is not affected by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (F-1,6-DP) and the M2 is al-losterically activated by this compound. Type L and R exhibit cooperatively in... 

Mayer-Popken O, Denkhaus W, Konietzko H. 1986. Lead content of fetal tissues after maternal intoxication. Arch Toxicol 58 203-204. 

Normal spleen lymphocyte function Maximum nickel concentrations in tissues (in mg/kg FW) were reached in blood (19.8) and placentas (3.9) 2 h following injection those in liver (4.9), spleen (1.3), and kidneys (56.2) were reached 4 h after injection and maximum concentration in fetal tissues (1.1) was reached after 8 h. Authors estimate that all nickel is excreted in 42 to 84 h Immunosuppression in spleen lymphocyte function LD50 (48 h)... 

Gooneratne, S.R. and D.A. Christensen. 1989. A survey of maternal and fetal tissue zinc, iron, manganese and selenium concentrations in bovine. Canad. Jour. Anim. Sci. 69 151-159. 

Mirex has considerable potential for chronic toxicity because it is only partly metabolized, is eliminated very slowly, and is accumulated in the fat, liver, and brain. The most common effects observed in small laboratory mammals fed mirex included weight loss, enlarged livers, altered liver enzyme metabolism, and reproductive failure. Mirex reportedly crossed placental membranes and accumulated in fetal tissues. Among the progeny of mirex-treated mammals, developmental abnormalities included cataracts, heart defects, scoliosis, and cleft palates (NAS 1978 Blus 1995). 

Haynes, B.F., et al. Early events in human T cell ontogeny. Phenotypic characterization and immunohistologic localization of T cell precursors in early human fetal tissues, J. Exp. M.d., 168, 1061, 1988. 

Mulay, S., Varma, D.R. and Solomon, S. (1982). Influence of protein deficiency in rats on hormonal status and cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors in maternal and fetal tissues. J. Endocrinol. 95 49-58. 

Recently, it has been possible to grow cells of the human immune system in special mice. These mice carry a genetic defect called severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which leaves them with crippled immune systems, much like those in AIDS patients. Because SCID mice lack functional cellular immunity, it is possible to implant them with human cells without tissue rejection taking place. Researchers have recently developed techniques to implant human fetal tissues containing stem cells for the blood into SCID mice. It is then possible to reconstitute these mice with functional human immune system cells, including T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. They have also found that if these SCID mice are infected by HIV, the virus will establish infection in the human tissue and destroy the T helper lymphocytes, just as it does in humans. Thus, it may be possible to study some of the mechanisms by which HIV attacks the immune system in these mice. In addition, they may be very useful for testing potential antiviral drugs. 

Bakhtiar, R., Ramos, L., and Tse, F.L.S., Quantification of methylphenidate (Ritalin ) in rabbit fetal tissue using a chiral liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay, Rapid. Commun. Mass Spectrom., 16, 81, 2002. 

Doody KJ, Carr BR. 1989. Aromatase in human fetal tissues. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161 1694-1697. 

Pezzi V, Mathis JM, Rainey WE, Carr BR. 2003. Profiling transcript levels for steroidogenic enzymes in fetal tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 87 181-189. 

Price T, Aitken J, Simpson ER. 1992. Relative expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 in human fetal tissues as determined by competitive polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74 879-883. 

Sanders, J. M., and Cunningham, M. L. (2002). Determination of tamoxifen and metabolites in mouse fetal tissue using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 23, 502—505. 

CEA is a heterogeneous glycoprotein of molecular weight 180,000 kDa. It was originally considered to be specific for colon carcinoma however, it is now known to be expressed in many different tumors and fetal tissues as well as adult colonic mucosa (27). Table 6 shows a summary of CEA reactivity in epithelial tumors. 

There are no studies in humans or animals showing that 1,4-di chlorobenzene crosses the placenta or can be found in fetal tissues. Based on other chemicals like 1,4-di chlorobenzene, it is possible that it could cross the placenta and be found in fetal tissues. There is no credible evidence that suggests that 1,4-dichlorobenzene causes birth defects. One study found dichlorobenzenes in breast milk, but 1,4-di chlorobenzene has not been specifically measured. 

Aspirin Aspirin is poorly bound to plasma proteins and its apparent volume of distribution is low (10 L). Its metabolite, salicylic acid, is highly bound to plasma proteins, but its binding is concentration-dependent (nonlinear). At low concentrations (less than 100 mcg/mL), approximately 90% of salicylic acid is bound to albumin. Salicylic acid is widely distributed to all tissues and fluids in the body, including the CNS, breast milk, and fetal tissues. 

Methylphenidate Chirobiotic V 0.05% NH4TFAAC in MeOH Fetal tissue 0.218 ng/mL [175] 5L... 

A potentially promising, although very controversial, approach to the treatment of Parkinson s disease is replacement of dopaminergic neurons. The grafting of fetal substantia nigra tissue, which contains the dopamine neurons, into the striatum of parkinsonian patients has been modestly successful. The procedure will remain experimental, however, until the many practical problems and ethical issues associated with the use of fetal tissue are resolved. The discovery of pluripotent stem cells is also being viewed as a possible way of developing dopamine neurons for transplant purposes. 

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