Immunomodulating action

Jyonouchi, H. et al., Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. I. Effects of P-carotene and astaxanthin on murine lymphocyte functions and cell surface marker expression in in vitro culture system, Nutr. Cancer, 19, 93, 1991. 

Rhabdomyolysis has been attributed to famotidine and might reflect its immunomodulating action (SEDA-17, 418). 

By causing redistribution (i.e., pulling fluid) from the intracellular space, hypertonic solutions cause rapid expansion of the intravascular compartment, which is essential for vital organ perfusion. In head-injured patients, this redistribution should decrease intracranial pressure because the vessels of the brain are more impermeable to sodium ions than vessels in other areas of the body. Additionally, hypertonic saline solutions have beneficial immunomodulating actions when compared with more isotonic solutions in experiments with animals. ... 

Jyonouchi, El. et al., Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens, Nutr. Cancer, 21, 47, 1994. 

Song, J. Q., Xu, Y. T., and Zhang, H. K. (2000). Immunomodulation action of sulfate polysaccharide of Laminaria japonica on peritoneal macrophages of mice. Chin.. Immunol. 16,70. 

Wang, W. T., Zhou, J. H., Xing, S. T., and Guan, H. S. (1994). Immunomodulating action of marine algae sulfated polysaccharides on normal and immunosuppressed mice. Chin. J. Pharm. Toxicol. 8,199-202. 

The latter study demonstrates the relationship of the gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT) and the intestinal immune system to the immunomodulating actions of polysaccharides. 

Recently, the activities of host defense peptides related to the resolution of infection have been suggested to result in part from nondirect antimicrobial activities. It has been postulated that immunomodulation may represent the primary action of these peptides in vivo as the immunomodulatory activities are retained under physiological conditions in contrast to the direct antimicrobial activities of most natural mammalian host defense peptides. These immunomodulatory activities include, but are not limited to, direct chemotactic activity, induction of chemokines and other immune mediators, stimulation of leukocyte degranulation and other microbicidal activities, effects on leukocyte and epithelial cell survival and apoptosis, stimulation of epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation, promotion of wound healing and angiogenesis, antiendotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities, and adjuvant fiinctions. These will be described in detail in the following sections and a summary is found in Table 1. 

Immunomodulator] WARNING Administer under skilled supervision in equipped facility Uses Prevent acute organ rejection Action IL-2 receptor... 

Peg Interferon Alfa 2b (PEG-Intron) [Antiviral/ Immunomodulator] WARNING Can cause or aggravate fatal or life-threatening neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, ischemic, and infectious disord s. Monitor pts closely Uses Rx Hep C Action Immune modulation Dose 1 mcg/kg/wk SQ 1.5 mcg/kg/wk combined w/ ribavirin Caution [C, X if used w/ ribavirin /-] w/ Hx psychiatric Contra Autoimmune H, decompensated Uvct Dz, hemoglobinopathy Disp Vials 50, 80, 120, 150 mcg/0.5 mL Redipen 50, 80,120,150 mcg/5 mL reconstitute w/ 0.7 mL w/ sterile water SE D ession, insomnia, suicidal behavior, GI upset, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, alopecia, pruritus Interactions t Myelosuppression W/ antineoplastics t effects OF doxorubicin, theophylline t neurotox W7 vinblastine EMS See Peg Interf on Alfa-2a may cause flu-like Sxs... 

Mectianism of Action An immunomodulator that binds to specific membrane receptors on the cell surface, inhibiting viral replication in virus-infected cells, suppressing cell proliferation, and producing reversible decreases in leukocyte and platelet counts. Therapeutic Effect Inhibits hepatitis C virus. 

Mechanism of Action An immunomodulator that inhibits release of cytokine, an enzyme that produces an inflammatory reaction. Therapeutic Effect Produces anti-inflammatory activity. 

Mechanism of Action An immunomodulator whose exact mechanism is unknown. Has sedative, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive activity, which may be due to selective inhibition of the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Therapeutic Effect Improves muscle wasting in HIV patients reduces local and systemic effects of leprosy. 

Imiquimod (Aldara) is an immunomodulator approved for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts in adults, actinic keratoses on the face and scalp, and biopsy-proven primary basal cell carcinomas on the trunk, neck, and extremities. The mechanism of its action is thought to be related to imiquimod s ability to stimulate peripheral mononuclear cells to release interferon- and to stimulate macrophages to produce interleukins-1, -6, and -8, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-k). 

Actions Adenosine deaminase stimulator, genetically engineered autologous cell therapy, immunomodulator, retrovirus-based gene therapy... 

Abatacept (Orencia) [Immunomodulator] Uses Mod/severe RA w/ inadequate response to one or more DMARDs Action Selective costimulation modulator, T-cell activation Dose Initial 500 mg (<60 kg), 750 mg (60-100 kg) 1 g (>100 kg) IV over 30 min repeat at 2 and 4 wk, then q4wk Caution w/ TNF blockers [C, /-] COPD Hx recurrent/localized/chronic, predisposition to Infxn Contra w/ TNF antagonists (Enbrel, Remicade, Humira) (T Infxn) Disp IV powder SE HA, URI, N, nasopharyngitis, Infxn, malignancy, inf Rxns/hypersensitiv-ity (dizziness, HA, HTN), COPD exacerbations, cough, dyspnea Interactions May X effective OF live vaccines EMS May worsen COPD Sxs OD Monitor for adverse Rxn symptomatic and supportive... 

Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, et al. 2003. Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability. J Biol Chem. 278 47281-47290. 

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