Intradermal injection

Immunization and Antibody Production The immunogen 3-hemisuccinyloxyflurazepam, is emulsified with complete Freund s adjuvant. It is injected intradermally into two female New Zealand albino (white) rabbits. Repeated doses are administered twice at interval of two weeks. Subsequently, booster injections of the thick-immunogen-emulsion-paste are administered after a span of 6-weeks. The antibody is harvested when its titer level is high enough, diluted to the suitable-level and employed in the RIA. 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) The recommended dose is 50 units per axilla. Define the hyperhidrotic area to be injected using standard staining techniques (eg. Minor s Iodine-Starch Test). Botulinum toxin type A is reconstituted with 0.9% nonpreserved sterile saline (100 units/4 mL). Using a 30-gauge needle, 50 units of botulinum toxin type A (2 mL) is injected intradermally in 0.1 to 0.2 mL aliquots to each axilla evenly distributed in multiple sites (10 to 15) approximately 1 to 2 cm apart. 

Kinins are potent pain-producing substances when applied to a blister base or injected intradermally. They elicit pain by stimulating nociceptive afferents in the skin and viscera. 

Type IV Cell-mediated allergy is the mechanism involved in allergic contact dermatitis from topically applied drugs or induration of the skin at the site of an antigen injected intradermally. 

Direct injection of the gel into solid tumors and skin lesions provides high local concentrations of a dmg specifically where needed (Figure 4.15). The gel is injected intradermally in a fanning or tracking manner to disperse the gel formulation throughout the tumor. Dmg retention at the site of implantation is further enhanced by the addition of chemical modifiers such as the vasoconstrictor, epinephrine (adrenaline). This adjunct reduces blood flow and acts as a chemical tourniquet to hold the therapeutic agent in place. 

Purified protein derivative The purified protein derivative test for tuberculosis may be recommended in patients with chronic or granulomatous uveitis. Sterile tuberculin protein injected intradermally on the forearm produces induration at the site of inoculation if the patient is seropositive for tuberculosis. Purified protein derivative should be ordered when the physical... 

When phenoxybenzamine is injected intradermally or when it is extravasated during intravenous administration, it can cause both extremely severe necrotic reactions and... 

Injected intradermally they cause wheal and flare (again like histamine, and approximately equipotent). Given topically in the nose, they increase permeability and increase blood flow. In summary, the leukotrienes have a profile that well suits a primary role in several types of inflammatory response. Furthermore, LTB4 can be found in inflammatory exudates... 

Fig. 3. CTL response after intradermal plasmid vaccination. Three C57BL/6 mice per group were injected intradermally with 50 pg of liposomal plasmid DNA (a, c) or 50 pg free plasmid DNA (b). After 48 h the treatment was repeated. As control three mice received 50 pg of the antiviral peptide antigen gp33 in IFA. Nine days after the first immunization isolated spleen cells were re-stimulated for 5 days and analyzed in a Cr-release assay on peptide labeled filledsquared) and unlabeled open squared) EL-4 cells. The spontaneous Cr-release was <14%...

Reutilization of Nuclear Components. The question whether the constituents of nucleic acids may be salvaged and used again is not a simple one, and some lines of evidence do point to this possibility. Direct evidence in oral mucosa and epidermis of the rat for DNA reutilization has been presented by Outright and Bauer (CIS). This is in direct contrast to the study of Baden quoted above. In addition, studies utilizing radioactive iron injected intradermally in humans indicated reutilization of iron by epidermal cells since the half-life of the injected iron was found to be 67 days (02, 03). This is far greater than the usually... 

Vasopressor catecholamines have the potential to cause extravasation-associated tissue damage if infusions infiltrate during peripheral administration. In the event of infiltration, an a-receptor antagonist such as phentolamine (10 mg in 10 mL saline) should be injected intradermally to reverse local vasoconstriction. As such, it is recommended to administer vasopressor drugs into a large central vein. 

Penicillin G procaine suspension is an aqueous preparation of the crystalline salt that is only 0.4% soluble in water. Procaine combines with penicillin mole for mole a dose of 300,000 units thus contains approximately 120 mg procaine. When large doses of penicillin G procaine are given (e.g., 4.8 million units), procaine may reach toxic concentrations in the plasma. If the patient is believed to be hypersensitive to procaine, 0.1 mL of 1% solution of procaine should be injected intradermally as a test. The anesthetic effect of the procaine accounts in part for the fact that injections of penicillin G procaine are virtually painless. 

A third reason for the popularity of ALA-PDT has to do with its versatility in terms of delivery methods. ALA is effective when applied topically to any accessible surface (skin, oral cavity, urinary bladder, vagina, uterus), it can be injected intradermally or intralesionally in order to produce a higher local concentration of ALA than is possible by topical application, and it can be given systemically (orally, or by subcutaneous or intravenous injection). Under certain conditions it can even be given regionally, via the lymphatics. No other photosensitizer is known which can match ALA-induced PpIX for versatility. 

Medication injected intradermally has a localized effect because it does not enter the bloodstream. It usually causes a wheal (blister) to appear at the injection site. Injections are given using a 26-27 gauge needle and a I mL syringe calibrated in 0.01 mL increments. The typical injection is between 0.01 to 0.1 mL. 

For the antigen injection, the experimenter has a choice among intramuscular (im), intra-dermal (id), subcutaneous (sc), intravenous (iv), or intraperitoneal (ip) injection. In bigger animals, with some anatomical knowledge, injection into the lymph nodes is also possible. The id injection requires skill, but it is said to give a better immune response. In addition, it provides for a longer depot effect. Chopped-up gel pieces cannot be injected intradermally and mouse skin is too thin for id injections. 

Fig. 7 Enhanced vascular permeability induced by exogenous BK and VEGF in normal guinea pig dorsal skin. Various amounts of BK and VEGF were injected intradermally into the dorsal skin of guinea pigs at doses given in the figure. The amount of Evans blue extravasated into the skin was extracted and quantified. Data are mean S.E., n = 6 (from [50])...

---