Peripheral lymphocytes

Ethylene oxide has been shown to produce mutagenic and cytogenic effects in a variety of test systems (226). An increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of monkey exposed to ethylene oxide for 104 weeks has been reported (240). In mice, it is an effective inducer of chromosome breaks leading to dominant-lethal mutations. In addition, ethylene oxide has been shown to induce heritable effects in the heritable translocation test conducted in mice exposed to ethylene oxide by inhalation (241,242). In this study, male mice were exposed to ethylene oxide ranging from 165 to 300 ppm for 6 h per day 5 or 7 days/week for 8.5 weeks. Ethylene oxide has also been shown to bind to proteins (243) as well as to DNA (244). Several studies on ethylene oxide-exposed workers have demonstrated an increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges the relevance of such effects to human health evaluation is currendy uncertain. 

Downing, J.F., Taylor, M.W., Wie, K.-M., Elizondo, R.S. (1987). In vivo hyperthermia enhances plasma antiviral activity and stimulates peripheral lymphocytes for increased synthesis of interferon gamma. J. Interferon Res. 7, 185-193. 

The direct and indirect assessment of the aneuploidy-inducing potency of a number of organotin compounds was reported by Jensen et al. (1991a). The effects of dimethyltin dichloride, diphenyltin dichloride, trimethyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, and triphenyl-tin chloride at 10 -10 mol/1 on chromosomal contractions in cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes were investigated. Diphenyltin dichloride, trimethyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, and triphenyl-tin chloride appeared to be very strong inducers of chromosomal supercontraction, indicating that these compounds induce aneuploidy, probably by affecting... 

Kumar KBS, Ankathil R, Devi KS. 1993. Chromosomal aberrations induced by methyl parathion in human peripheral lymphocytes of alcoholics and smokers. Hum Exp Toxicol 12 285-288. 

Rupa DS, Reddy PP, Reddi OS. 1991. Clastogenic effect of pesticides in peripheral lymphocytes of cotton-field workers. Mutat Res 261 177-180. 

Seiji K, Jin C, Watanabe T, et al. 1990. Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers exposed to benzene, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene, with references to smoking habits. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62 171-176. 

No data are available on platelet NTE activity in exposed subjects, and little data on lymphocyte NTE activity. In one reported case of suicidal poisoning with chlorpyrifos, inhibition of lymphocyte NTE was correlated with the enzyme inhibition in peripheral nerves (Osterloh et al., 1983). In another case of attempted suicide with the same compound, inhibition of NTE in peripheral lymphocytes was associated with the development of delayed neuropathy (Lotti, 1986). However, the threshold of NTE inhibition required for delayed neuropathy remains undetermined (Lotti, 1987). Observations in occupationally exposed subjects are limited in number, and more research is needed to investigate the applicability of NTE as a biomarker of exposure to OP pesticides. 

Schmid E, Bauchinger M, Pietruck S, et al. 1972. [Cytogenic action of lead in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Mut Res 16 401-406. (German)... 

Pohl-RUling, J., P. Fischer, 0. Haas, G.Obe, A.T. Natarajan, P.P.W. van Buul, K.E. Buckton, N.0. Bianchi, M. Larramendy, M. KufcerovA, Z. PolikovA, A. Leonard, L. Fabry, F. Palitti, T.Sharma, W. Binder, R.N. Mukherjee, and U. Mukherjee, Effect of Low-Dose Acute X-Irradiation on the Frequencies of Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in Vitro, Mutation Research 110 7182 (1983) ... 

Binder, R. Nowotny, W. Schmidt, N.0. Bianchi, P.P.W. van Buul, A.T. Natarajan, L. Fabry, A. Leonard, M. KucerovA, D.C. Lloyd, U. Mukherjee, G. Obe, F. Palitti, and T. Sharma, Comparison of Dose Dependence of Chromosome Aberrations in Peripheral Lymphocytes at Low Levels of Acute in Vitro Irradiation With 250 kV X-Rays and 14 MeV Neutrons, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Effects of Low-Level Radiation in Venice, pp. 171-184 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (1983). 

Rituximab -monoclonal antibody to CD20 (B-cell surface antigen) -fever, chills, malaise -nausea, vomiting -flushing -bronchospasm, angioedema, urticaria -rhinitis -pain at disease sites -tumor lysis syndrome may occur in patients with high peripheral lymphocyte count... 

Benjamin, S. A., Jones, R. K., Snipes, M. B. and Lustgarten, C. S. (1975c). Comparative effects of inhaled relatively insoluble forms of "Y, l44Ce, and "Sr on canine peripheral lymphocyte function, page 90 in Radiation and the Lymphatic System, USAEC Report No. CONF-740930 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

Factory workers exposed for an average of 15 years to acrylonitrile vapors showed no increase in chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes (Thiess and Fleig 1978). As in most human studies, the actual concentration of acrylonitrile to which these workers were exposed was not reported. Flowever, monitoring data indicated that the average exposure concentration for the workers was 5 ppm for the majority of the exposure period (approximately 10 years) at the time the study was conducted, acrylonitrile levels in the workplace had been reduced to 1.5 ppm. 

Obe G, Hille A, Jonas R, et al. 1985. Tests for the induction of sister- chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes in culture. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, 439-442. 

Neubert, R., G. Golor, R. Stahlmann, H. Helge, and D. Neubert. 1992. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and the immune system. 4. Effects of multiple-dose treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations of a non-human primate (Callithrix jacchus). Arch. Toxicol. 66 250-259. 

The mutagenic potential of hexachloroethane has not been evaluated in humans. Because hexachloroethane has been detected at hazardous waste sites, it would be useful to evaluate the potential for hexachloroethane to induce mutagenic effects in human cells (e.g., peripheral lymphocytes). 

Primary hepatocyte cultures have been used in vitro to metabolically activate toxins for evaluation with target tissues. Cocultures of rat embryos with hepatocytes have been used to study the role of metabolism in teratogenesis (Oglesby et al., 1986). Lindahl-Kiessling et al., (1989), in an attempt to bring test conditions closer to in vivo conditions, developed an assay utilizing primary rat hepatocytes and human peripheral lymphocytes to detect metabolism-mediated mutagenesis. 

Human peripheral lymphocytes Sister chromatid exchanges No data + Tucker et al. 1986... 

Ellingham Tj, Christensen A, Maddock MB. 1986. In vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of the oyster toadfish and american eel. Environ Mutagen 8 555-569. 

Tucker JD, Xu J, Stewart J, et al. 1984. Detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes induced by ethylene dibromide vapor. Mutat Res 138 93-98. 

In genotoxic assays inorganic arsenicals are either inactive or weak mutagens but are able to produce chromosomal effects including aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in most test systems. Studies of exposed human have detected higher incidences of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes and increases in the frequency of micronuclei in the oral mucosa cells, urothelial cells, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. ... 

Benzidine exposure has been associated with chromosomal aberrations and polyploidy in the circulating peripheral lymphocytes of workers, micronucleus induction in rodents,... 

Ethyl alcohol is not a bacterial or mammalian cell mutagen in vitro Increased frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and aneuploidies have been observed in the peripheral lymphocytes of alcoholics." Although some degree of genotoxicity may result from excessive alcohol drinking, it is not considered relevant to occupational exposures. ... 

Karelovaa J, Jablonickaa A, Gavora J, et al Chromosome and sister-chromatid exchange analysis in peripheral lymphocytes, and mutagenicity of urine in anesthesiology personnel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64(4) 303-306, 1992... 

---