Delayed type hypersensitivity response

McCabe Jr., M J., Singh, K.P. and Reiners Jr., J. J., Lead intoxication impairs the generation of a delayed type hypersensitivity response, Toxicology 139, 255, 1999. 

Moyal, D. D. and Fourtanier, A. M., Broad-Spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from the suppression of the elicitation phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity response in humans, J. Invest. Dermatol. 117,1186-1192, 2001. 

Cell-mediated immunity Cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing delayed type hypersensitivity response mouse ear swelling test (MEST Gad et al., 1986) guinea pig maximization test (Magnusson and Kligman, 1969). 

A second form of delayed-type hypersensitivity response is similar to that of contact dermatitis in that macrophages are the primary effector cells responsible for stimulating CD4+ T cells however, this response is not necessarily localized to the epidermis. A classical example of this type of response is demonstrated by the tuberculin diagnostic tests. To determine if an individual has been exposed to tuberculosis, a small amount of fluid from tubercle bacilli cultures is injected subcutaneously. The development of induration after 48 h at the site of injection is diagnostic of prior exposure. 

The delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is an assay frequently used to assess the T cell response to commonly encountered microbial antigens. It involves intradermal injection of antigens to which the majority of individuals are immune (known as recall antigens) such as vaccinia, herpes simplex, and mumps viruses, Candida, and tetanus toxoid. In normal individuals, after 24-48 hours, an inflammatory filtrate results in local edema and induration, the diameter of which can be measured. A negative reaction to all the antigens (anergy) is usually reflected by decreased lymphocyte function as measured in vitro and is frequently seen in AIDS and ARC patients. 

Orosz CG Mechanisms of graft acceptance evidence that plasminogen activator controls donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in cardiac allograft acceptor mice. J Immunol 2000 164 5132-5139. 

Fraker PJ. 1980. The antibody-mediated and delayed type hypersensitivity response of mice exposed to polybrominated biphenyls. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 53 1-7. 

The presence of catechols and more complex, oxidizable polyphenols in nature is widespread, and their functions are not limited to chemical defense. However, biological control of their oxidation is usually a feature of their function, as it is (1) in melanin synthesis,3 (2) in immunologically mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity responses,4 (3) in the hardening or curing of arthropod secretions (for example, as in the surface attachment adhesives of the barnacle and in tanning of the cuticle in insects),5 as well as (4) in defensive mechanisms in higher plants, particularly in the unleashing of immediate necrotrophic responses.6... 

The two types of cell-mediated immunity involve basically different types of T cells. In the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the T cell, TD, that reacts specifically with antigens secretes interleukins (see Box S3A) that attract and activate macrophages or other leukocytes, thereby causing a slowly developing inflammatory response. A second type of T cell, known as the T killer cell, TK, reacts specifically with antigen that is bound to target cells, causing their lysis. 

Cleomiscosins A (9), B (10), and C (7), isolated from the seeds of Cleome viscosa, were shown to have immunomodulatory activity in vivo by Bawankule et al. (84). These coumarinolignans, at a dose of 10 mg kg body weight, enhanced the body immune function by significantly increasing the white blood cell count and hemagglutination antibody titer responses, by reducing the delayed-type hypersensitivity response towards rabbit red blood cells. The same group, led by Chattopadhyay, filed a patent on an immunomodulatory pharmaceutical composition, comprised of cleomiscosins isolated from the seeds of C. viscosa (85). 

Kimura, R, Hu, H. and Stein-Streilein, J. (1992). Delayed type hypersensitivity responses regulate collagen deposition in the lung. Immunolcgy 77, 550-555. 

Matyszak, M. K. and Perry, V. H., Demyelination in the central nervous system following a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Neuroscience, 64, 967, 1995. 

The information on immunological effects of 2-butoxyethanol in animals consists of the following findings no effect on the immune system was found in rats at gavage doses of 400 mg/kg/day for 2 days following immunization with trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) (Smialowicz et al. 1992) and no IgG change compared with controls in antibody production or delayed-type hypersensitivity response... 

Upon neonatal treatment of mice with diethylstilbestrol, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to oxazolone was similar in controls and diethylstilbestrol-treated animals at eight weeks, increased in treated females and males at six months, but reduced in treated females at one year (Forsberg, 2000). In the same study, the levels of serum IgG and IgM antibodies to cardiolipin showed age-dependent fluctuations but were similar in controls and diethylstilbestrol-treated females however, the IgG antibodies in diethylstilbestrol-treated females were qualitatively different from those in controls with respect to sensitivity to bovine serum (a source of p2-glycoprotein I), although these antibodies are not associated with autoimmune disease. In contrast to the situation with females, diethylstilbestrol-treated males had higher levels of these antibodies than controls (Forsberg, 2000). 

Forsberg JG (2000) Neonatal estrogen treatment and its consequences for thymus development, serum level of autoantibodies to cardiolipin, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 60 185-213. 

Bcr-abl fusion peptide vaccine against chronic myelogenous leukemia which generates prolonged peptide-specific T-cell proliferative responses and delayed type hypersensitivity responses that initiate cytokine release... 

Miyomoto T, Taura Y, Une S, Yoshitake M, Nakama S, Watanabe S. Changes in blasto-genic responses of lymphocytes and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses after vaccination in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 1992 54(5) 945-950. 

Sakato N, Fujio H. Suppression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) by HEL peptides in a genetically high-responder monse strain evidence for requirement of the loop structure for induction of suppressor T cells. Cell Immunol 1986 100 66-78. 

Cushman and Street (1983) produced IgE antibody in BALB/c mice to a metabolite of malathion conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. However, cpicuianeous malathion did not elicit a delayed-type hypersensitivity response up to 1 month later. High doses of dithiocarbamates (maneb, mancozeb, and zineb) caused contact sensitization in guinea pigs cross-sensitization among these chemicals was also shown (Matsushita er (., 1976),... 

Varona R, VUlares R, Carramohno L, et al. CCR6-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte homeostasis and altered contact hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. J Chn Invest 2001 107 R37-45. 

A second form of delayed-type hypersensitivity response is similar to that of contact dermatitis in that macrophages are the primary effector cells responsible for stimulating CD4+ T cells however, this response is not necessarily localized to the epidermis. A classical example of this type of... 

Recall responses to the T ceU-dependent protein antigen tetanus toxoid as well as delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were preserved in rituximab-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis 24 weeks after treatment responses to neoantigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and T ceU-independent responses to pneumococcal vaccine were reduced, but many patients were able to mount responses [160 ]. These data suggest that polysaccharide and primary immunizations should be administered before rituximab infusions in order to maximize responses. 

Farkas J (1981) Perioral dermatitis from marjoram, bay leaf and cinnamon. Contact Dermatitis 7 121 Stampf J, Castagnoli N, Epstein W, et al. (1990) Suppression of urushiol-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice with serum IgG immunoglobulin from human hyposensitized donors. J Invest Dermatol 95 363-365 Baadsgaard O (1986) Circulating and in situ lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells in patients with Compositae oleoresin dermatitis and increased ultraviolet A sensitivity during treatment with azathioprine. J Am Acad Dermatol 14 577-581... 

Poloxamer 407 is noninitating if applied topically or intracutaneously, and it exhibits little potential for irritation following intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration (Johnston, 1985 MDVTechnologies, unpublished). Unlike some of the other poloxamers, it does not actirate complement in hiunan serum, nor does it cause a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in mice. Reproductive studies indicate that poloxamer 407 is nonteratogenic in both rats and rabbits. 

Cellular Responses in the Late Phase Reaction and Comparison with the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response... 

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