Tetanus toxoid

In all cases the patient should be transferred to hospital or to a doctor, for further treatment of the wound, and also for a course of anti-tetanus toxoid, which is indicated if the patient is not already fully immunised. 

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Waccine Mdsorbed, USP Package Insert, Coimaught Laboratodes, Surftuster, Pa., revised 1994. 

Vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus combined Pediarix Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis immunization Sfee adverse reactions against individual vaccines. Primary immunization series 3 doses of 0.5 mLat 6-to 8-week intervals IM (first dose is 2 months of age, but may be given as early as 6 weeks of age)... 

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP). The... 

Wahn U, Aalberse RC Down-regulation of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid by co-vaccination with cellular Bordetellapertussis vaccine. J Immunol 2001 15 167 2411-2417. dS... 

Parisi, L. and von Hunolstein, C., Determination of the molecular size distribution of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines by size-exclusion chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 847, 209, 1999. 

In the 1940s, diphtheria toxoid was combined with tetanus toxoid and whole cell pertussis vaccines, and later with the acellular pertussis vaccine. The diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine are part of the routine childhood immunization schedule. Diphtheria toxoid is also combined with tetanus toxoid and is commonly used as a booster vaccine. The pediatric product (DT) has a higher amount of diphtheria toxoid than does the adult product (Td). Diphtheria toxoid is not available as an individual vaccine. 

Immunity to tetanus decreases with increasing age, therefore a regular booster every 10 years with tetanus toxoid is recommended. The preferred agent to use in adults is tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) in order to give a booster for diphtheria. Tetanus immunization status should be assessed in the management of wounds in individuals seeking medical care. A tetanus booster should be administered if a tetanus-containing... 

The first pertussis whole cell vaccine was a mixture of killed organisms that was associated with frequent local and systemic reactions. In the late 1980s, an acellular pertussis vaccine was introduced that contains purified pertussis components that are immunogenic but associated with fewer adverse reactions. Acellular pertussis vaccine is available in combination with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. Pertussis is not available as a separate vaccine component. In the spring of 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines for use in adolescents and adults. 

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (Dtap) vaccine should be administered in a five-shot series to all children beginning at 2 months of age (Table 83-1). The shots are given at 2,4,6, and 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years. Complete immunity to diphtheria and tetanus is achieved after the third vaccination. 

Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) is recommended as a single booster for the following groups in place of a tetanus booster. 

There are several combination vaccines available in the United States. One of the most popular pediatric combinations is Pediarix a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and hepatitis B vaccines. ComVax is a combination of Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines. The most recent combination is ProQuad which contains measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines. The only combination available for adults is Twinrix which has hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. 

Tdap tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular... 

Raghuvanshi RS, Katare YK, Lalwani K et al (2002) Improved immune response from biodegradable polymer particles entrapping tetanus toxoid by use of different immunization protocol and adjuvants. Int J Pharm 245 109-121... 

The most common carrier proteins in use today are keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH MW 4.5 X 105 to 1.3 X 107), BSA (MW 67,000), aminoethylated (or cationized) BSA (cBSA), thyroglobulin (MW 660,000), ovalbumin (OVA MW 43,000), and various toxoid proteins, including tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid. Other proteins occasionally used include myoglobin, rabbit serum albumin, immunoglobulin molecules (particularly IgG) from bovine or mouse sera, tuberculin purified protein derivative, and synthetic polypeptides such as poly-L-lysine and poly-L-glutamic acid. 

Management of bite wounds consists of aggressive irrigation and topical wound dressing, surgical debridement, and immobilization of the affected area. Primary closure for human bites is not generally recommended. Tetanus toxoid and antitoxin may be indicated. 

TETANUS TOXOID, TETANUS TOXOID ADSORBED, AND TETANUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN... 

Additional doses of tetanus toxoid are recommended as part of traumatic wound management if a patient has not received a dose of tetanus toxoid within the preceding 5 years (Table 51-3). 

Tetanus toxoid may be given to immunosuppressed patients if indicated. Tetanus IG is used to provide passive tetanus immunization after the occurrence of traumatic wounds in nonimmunized or suboptimally immunized persons (see Table 51-3). A dose of 250 to 500 units is administered IM. When administered with tetanus toxoid, separate sites for administration should be used. 

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