Leukaemias

Heat production rate has been measured in polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia and compared to the corresponding results obtained in a group of healthy individuals [35 ]. Patients 

Increased values were found in the patients at diagnosis and during the first 6 months of remission (see Table 7), whereas during sequential analysis heat production decreased gradually. Also PMN from healthy persons. show increased heat production when mixed with sera from patients with leukaemia, thus indicating that the increased cell metabolism is serum (leukaemic) dependent. 

Heat production rate (P) of polymorphonuclear granulocytes from normal subjects and patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) in the acute stage and during emission. Source reference 35. 

Infections are common in patients with acute leukaemia and PMN function in general exerts an important defense against microbial organisms. There is therefore a decreased defense in leukaemic patients due to granulocytopenia but also defects in PMN function have been reported. PMN function, phagocytosis, has been studied by microcalorimetry [36]. The increase of heat 

In a group of leukaemic patients decreased PMN responsiveness was found in the acute stage of the disease (see Table 8). 

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CHaSO OfCHjUOSOjCHa. A cytotoxic alkylating agent used clinically to treat leukaemia. 

Cytarabine, 4-amino-l-/3-D-arabinofuranosylpyrimidin-2(lif)-one or cytosine arabino-side (1033 R = H, X = NH2), is an established drug for the treatment of acute leukaemias of childhood and adult granulocytic leukaemia. It must be given intravenously and much of the drug becomes the corresponding inactive uracil derivative in vivo by virtue of a deaminase in the liver it interferes with DNA but not RNA synthesis, and it has incidental... 

Cytokines and biological response modifiers represent a broad class of therapeutic agents that modify the hosts response to cancer or cancer therapies. The enormous body information about their clinical uses and their side effects is beyond the scope of this essay that can only give illustrative examples. For an up-to-date information the reader can resort to reference [5]. As many as 33 different interleukins are known and the list continues to grow IL-2 used in the treatment of kidney cancer is one example. Interferon alpha is used for chronic myelogenous leukeia, hairy cell leukaemia and Kaposi s sarcoma. Interferons are also used in the treatment of chronic infections such as viral hepatitis. Tumor necrosis factor (alpha), G/GM/M-CSF, and several other cellular factors are used in treatment of various cancers. Many of these cytokines produce serious side effects that limit their use. 

Rapozzi V., Burm B.E.A., CoGOi S., Van DER Marel G.A., Van Boom J.H., Quad-RiFOGLio F., XoDO L. E. Antiproliferative effect in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells by antisense peptide nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 30 3712-3721. 

Retroviruses Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) Spherical enveloped virus lOOnm in diameter, icosahedral cores contain two copies of linear RNA molecules and reverse transcriptase HTI.V is spread inside infected lymphocytes in blood, semen or breast milk. Most infections remain asymptomatic but after an incubation period of 10-40 years in about 2% of cases, adult T-cell leukaemia can result... 

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

A patient s resistance is cmcial in determining the outcome of a medicament-borne infection. Hospital patients are more exposed and susceptible to infection than those treated in the general community. Neonates, the elderly, diabetics and patients traumatized by surgeiy or accident m have impaired defence mechanisms. People suffering fiom leukaemia and those treated with immunosuppressants are most vulnerable to infection there is a strong case for providing all medicines in a sterile form for these patients. 

L-Asparaginase, an enzyme derived from E. coli or Erwinia carotovora, has been employed in cancer chemotherapy where its selectivity depends upon the essential requirement of some tumours for the amino acid L-asparagine. Normal tissues do not require this amino acid and thus the enzyme is administered with the intention of depleting tumour cells of asparagine by converting it to aspartic acid and ammonia. Whilst L-asparaginase showed promise in a variety of experimentally induced tumours, it is only useful in humans for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, although it is sometimes used for myeloid leukaemia. 

XU K and thornalley p j (2000) Studies on the mechanism of the inhihition of human leukaemia cell growth hy dietary isothiocyanates and their cysteine adducts in vitro , Biochem Pharmacol, 60 221-31. 

A/J A Jackson inbred mouse strain ALP Anti-leukoprotease ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate also known as adenosine 3, 5 -phosphate AM Alveolar macrophage AML Acute myelogenous leukaemia AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMVN 2,2 -azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)... 

ATHERO-ELAM A montxyte adhesion molecule ATL Adult T cell leukaemia ATP Adenosine triphosphate ATPase Adenosine triphosphatase ATP-ys Adenosine 3 thiotriphosphate AITP Autoimmune thrombcKytopenic purpura AUC Area under curve AVP Arginine vasopressin... 

CAH Chronic active hepatitis CALLA Common lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen CALX Conjunctival associated lymphoid tissue CaM Calmodulin cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate also knomt as adenosine 3, 5 -phosphate CAM CeU adhesion molecule CAP57 Cationic protein from neutrophils CAT Catalase CatG Cathepsin G... 

CDS Defines MHC class I-restricted T cell subset present on NK cells CDIO Known to be common acute leukaemia antigen CDlla Known to be zn a chain of LFA-1 (leucocyte function antigen-1) present on several types of leucocyte and which mediates adhesion CDllc Known to be z complement receptor 4 a chain. 

CLC Charcot-Leyden crystal CMC Critical micellar concentration CMI Cell mediated immunity CML Chronic myeloid leukaemia CMV Cytomegalovirus CNS Central nervous system CO Cyclooxygenase CoA Coenzyme A CoA-IT Coenzyme A - independent transacylase... 

HTdR Tritiated thymidine 5-HT 5-Hydroxyttyptamine also known as Serotonin HTLV-1 Human T-cell leukaemia virus-1... 

THP-1 Human monocytic leukaemia Thy 1+ Murine T cell antigen t.i.d. Ter in die (three times a day) TIL Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes UMP Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase... 

TIMP-1, TIMP-2 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 Ha Thymus leukaemia antigen TLC TTiin-layer chromatt raphy TLCK Tosyl-lysyl-CHiCl TLP Tumour-like proliferation Tm T memory... 

Another arachidonyl-based inhibitor of FAAH is arachidonyl serotonin (62), which was reported to inhibit FAAH from rat basophilic leukaemia cells with an IC50 value of 5.6 pM, and with very little affinity at CBi receptors [76]. 

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