Leukaemia hairy cell

Cytokines and biological response modifiers represent a broad class of therapeutic agents that modify the hosts response to cancer or cancer therapies. The enormous body information about their clinical uses and their side effects is beyond the scope of this essay that can only give illustrative examples. For an up-to-date information the reader can resort to reference [5]. As many as 33 different interleukins are known and the list continues to grow IL-2 used in the treatment of kidney cancer is one example. Interferon alpha is used for chronic myelogenous leukeia, hairy cell leukaemia and Kaposi s sarcoma. Interferons are also used in the treatment of chronic infections such as viral hepatitis. Tumor necrosis factor (alpha), G/GM/M-CSF, and several other cellular factors are used in treatment of various cancers. Many of these cytokines produce serious side effects that limit their use. 

Roferon A (rhIFN-a-2a) Hoffman-La-Roche Hairy cell leukaemia... 

Clinical trials have shown the recombinant interferons to be effective in the treatment of various cancer types, with rhIFN-a2a and -a2b both approved for treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. This is a rare B-lymphocyte neoplasm for which few effective treatments were previously available. Administration of the recombinant interferons promotes significant regression of the cancer in up to 90 per cent of patients. 

Hairy cell leukaemia Renal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma Multiple myeloma Chronic myelogenous leukaemia Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma... 

Alpha interferon is also effective in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia, condyloma acuminata (caused by papilloma virus), chronic myelogenous leukaemia and AIDS related Kaposi s sarcoma. 

Guerci AP, Guerci B, Levy-Marchal C, Ongagna J, Ziegler O, Candiloros H, Guerci O, Drouin P. Onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after interferon-alfa therapy for hairy cell leukaemia. Lancet 1994 343(8906) 1167-8. 

Aksoy M. 1987. Chronic lymphoid leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia due to chronic exposure to benzene report of three cases. BrJ Haematol 66 209-211. 

Hairy cell leukaemia Pentoscatin or dadribine or interferon alfa... 

Interferons. Interferon alfa is used for chronic granulocytic leukaemia, hairy cell leukaemia, renal-cell carcinoma and Kaposi s sarcoma. It may also be an effective aduvant therapy for patients at high risk of melanoma recurrence. 

Hairy cell leukaemia This designation is based on the microvillar hairy surface of the tumour cells. It is con-... 

Steis RG, VanderMolen LA, Lawrence J, Sing G, Ruscetti F, Smith JW 2nd, Urba WJ, Clark J, Longo DL. Erythrocytosis in hairy cell leukaemia following therapy with interferon alpha. Br J Haematol 1990 75(l) 133-5. 

Hagberg H, Lundhohn L. Rituximab, a chimaeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001 115(3) 609-11. 

Interferon alfa 2b (interferon alfa-2b [usan] Alferon Intron A Viraferon Sch 30500) is a recombinant (rbe) version, and is extensively used by injection as an anticancer agent to treat hairy cell leukaemia, condylomata acuminata, AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukaemia, lymph or liver metastases of carcinoid tumour, as an anticancer adjunct in malignant melanoma also, in the maintenance of remission in multiple myeloma chronic active hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C. 

Pentostam " sodium stibogluconate, pentostatin [ban, inn, usan) (deoxycoformycin DCF Nipent ) is a nucleoside ANTIBIOTIC produced by Streptomyces antibioticus and Aspergillus nidulans. It is a potent ENZYME INHIBITOR of adenosine deaminase. As a cytotoxic ANTICANCER AGENT it is used in chemotherapy to treat hairy cell leukaemia and lymphoid neoplasms. Pentothal thiopentone. 

A range of other factors produced by white blood cells have been tried in the clinic and these include the interferons (mentioned in Chapter Three) and the interleukins. The interferons are produced by activated T-lymphocytes and leucocytes and apparently exert their activity through stimulation of a population of aptly named natural killer cells and macrophages. Some limited success has been achieved in clinical trials with interferons, most importantly against a rare form of leukaemia - hairy cell leukaemia (so named because of the appearance of the cell surface) - and Kaposi s sarcoma, another rare cancer but prevalent in AIDS patients. 

Kreft A, Busche G, Bernhards J, et al. Immunophenotype of hairy-cell leukaemia after cold polymerization of methylmethacrylate embeddings from 50 diagnostic bone marrow biopsies. Histopathology. 1997 30(2) 145-151. 

The protein expression in hairy cell leukaemia was compared to that of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Talebian-Ziai et al, 1992). Five distinct polypeptides were detected in hairy cell leukaemia, but not in cells of most chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and normal B lymphocytes. Two out of these 5 polypeptides appeared to be specific of hairy cell leukaemia. In addition. 

DE showed distinct patterns in 3 splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes as well as in 2 cases of hairy cell leukaemia variants. 

CD22 (BL-CAM) Hairy cell leukaemia Pre-B-ALL, B-cell lymphoma B-cells... 

Ten patients with non-Hodgkin s lymphoma, hairy cell leukaemia or acute myeloid leukaemia were given ofloxacin 400 mg at breakfast time for antibacterial prophylaxis during neutropenia. Blood samples were taken... 

C11H16N4O4 268.272 Nucleoside antibiotic. Prod, by Strepto-myces antibioticus and Aspergillus nidulans. Potentiator, antineoplastic. Powerful adenosine deaminase inhibitor. Used to treat hairy cell leukaemia and lymphoid neoplasms. Nucleoside transporter substrate. Launched 1992 (US)... 

C8H12N4O5 244.207 Antiviral agent. Usually administered as an aerosol. As Ribetron, in combination with Interferon Alfa 2b, used for the treatment of malignant melanoma, Kaposi s sarcoma, warts, hairy cell leukaemia, hepatits B and C and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. Marketed drug. Approved for clinical use in the EU (1999). Approved by FDA (July 2003) for treatment of pediatric hepatitis CSol. H2O. 

In some cotmtries, enterprises can be commanded to provide a medicine. This had been the case in the nineties with cladribine (2-CdA, 2-chlorodesoxy-adenosine), which was provided first by a current industrial supplier in the US A to treat hairy cell leukaemia as an alternative to interferon-alfa. Cladribine was not available in Europe at that time, neither as a product nor as an active substance. It took several weeks until the six-step synthesis was developed and a hospital pharmacy product could be made available. The US-price of the marketed syringe was some 20 times as much as could be attained later by hospital pharmacy production with the specially synthesised substance [66]. 

B-ALL B-CLL Hairy cell leukaemia Waldenstrom macro-globulinaemia Myeloblasts in CGL Lymphoblasts in CGL... 

Hairy-cell leukaemia, acute lymphatic Intracellular bacteria. Listeria, Mycobacteria,... 

Observational studies Therapy-related adverse events to moxetumomab pasudotox were assessed in a phase I trial in 28 patients with relapsed/refractory hairy cell leukaemia. Three patients experienced serious adverse reactions two showed depressed platelet counts and the third hypoxia and bronchospasm. The most common adverse events were grade 1 to 2 hypoalbuminaemia and elevated aminotransferases. Other less often seen events included headache, hypotension, nausea, fatigue, weight gain and myalgia [173 ]. 

Roman, V., Zhao, H., Foumeau, J.M., Marconi, A., Dugas, N., Dugas, B., Sigaux, F., and Kolb, J.R (2000). Expression of a functional inducible nitric oxide synthase in hairy cell leukaemia and ESKOL cell line. Leukemia 14,696-705. 

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