Human papilloma virus carcinoma

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

DNA viruses, such as adenoviruses and papovaviruses (e.g. polyoma and SV40), induce cellular transformation in rodents. Other viruses have been implicated in human cancers. Epstein-Barr virus, for example, has been implicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, (3-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin s lymphoma. Human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancers. 

The presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with female genital tract diseases such as condyloma, Bowenoid papulosis, and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. A general concern is the association of HPV with cervical cancer (Gl). The HPV consists of an icosahedral viral particle (virion) containing 8000 base pairs, a circular, double-stranded piece of DNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Viral replication takes place within the nuclei of infected squamous epithelial cells (H5). Following infection of epithelial cells, the viral DNA penetrates throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, but intact viruses are found only in the upper layers of tissue. 

As in cancer predisposing syndromes, these genetic alterations are sometimes carried in the germline. Among human tumours, heritable mutations are an exception. Most alterations are acquired in somatic life in the form of chromosomal translocations, deletions, inversions, amplifications or point mutations. Certain oncogenic viruses play important roles in a few human tumours. Examples are human papilloma-virus in cervical cancer and skin tumours, Ep-stein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt s lymphoma, and human T-cell leukaemia viruses (e.g. HTLV-I, HTLV-II) in T-cell leukaemia. 

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder has been reported 4 years after pulsed cyclophosphamide therapy (50). However, the authors noted that other susceptibility factors, such as bladder diverticula and human papilloma virus infection, occurred in the intervening period and they speculated on the cumulative risk. 

Three examples demonstrate the importance of E3 proteins to nor-mal cell tunction. Proteins that are not broken down owing to a de-fective E3 may accumulate to create a disease of protein aggregation such as juvenile and early-onset Parkinson disease. A defect in another member of the E3 family causes Angelman syndrome, a severe neurological disorder diaracterized by mental retardation, absence of speech, uncoordinated movement, and hyperactivity. Conversely, uncontrolled protein turnover can create dangerous pathological conditions. For example, human papilloma virus (HPV) encodes a protein that activates a specific E3 enzyme. The enzyme ubiquitinates the tumor suppressor p53 and other proteins that control DNA repair, which are then destroyed. The activation of this E3 enzvme is observed in more than 90 /u of cervical carcinomas. Thus, the... 

Epidemiological evidence points to a connection between long-term inflammation and the development of cancer that is characterized by dysplasia, hyperplasia, and sometimes irreversible cancer transformations. Nearly 15% of worldwide cancer incidence in humans is associated with microbial infection (Kuper et al. 2002). Chronic infections, with human papilloma virus or with hepatitis B or C viruses in immunocompetent human hosts, can lead to cervical and hepatocellular carcinomas, respectively. Infection with the human herpes virus can produce Kaposi s sarcoma in the skin. Karposi s cancers are seen more often in the IDS-compromised AIDS patients. After protracted inflammation, Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach irrita-... 

There is not a widespread association between oral contraceptives and cancer. Combined oral contraceptives may increase the risk of cervical cancer by about twofold, but only in long-term users with human papilloma virus infection. There are reported increases in the incidence of hepatic adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in oral contraceptive users (perhaps a doubling in the risk of liver cancer after 4-8 years of use) but these are rare cancers and the absolute increases are small. 

Nowadays, it is estimated that approximately 20 % of all cancers worldwide are associated with infections. First and foremost, a number of different viruses are of importance like the Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt lymphoma, naso-pharyn-geal cancer), the human herpes virus type 8, the human papilloma virus, the hepatitis-B- and -C-viruses, and above all, the human immunodeficiency virus (Kaposi sarcoma). The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the leading contributor to stomach cancer. Parasites, like the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium (the cause of biUiarzia or snail fever) lead in Egypt to an increased incidence of bladder cancer, and types of liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis) are important risk factors, particularly in south-east Thailand and in southern China, for the appearance of Cholangio carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. [296]... 

These test strips were employed for the detection of human papilloma virus (amongst others) [32]. Haptenized DNA molecules (PCR amplicons from DNA samples of cervix carcinomas) were immuno-labeled with UCNPs. Subsequently, an LF assay was performed that resulted in a 100-fold improved sensitivity compared to established assays using gold nanoparticles. Improved sensitivity for amplified nucleic acid targets compared to immuno-gold and Cy5 detection-systems was also found in tests for Vibrio cholerae where attomole quantities of DNA could be detected [37]. 

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