Red blood cell count

New Zealand) (GW) Hemato 15.1 M (reduced red blood cell counts, packed cell volume and hemoglobin) Technical... 

The life span of the normal red blood cell is 120 days this means that slightly less than 1% of the population of red cells (200 billion cells, or 2 million per second) is replaced daily. The new red cells that appear in the circulation still contain ribosomes and elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The RNA of the ribosomes can be detected by suitable stains (such as cresyl blue), and cells containing it are termed reticulocytes they normally number about 1% of the total red blood cell count. The life span of the red blood cell can be dramatically shortened in a variety of hemolytic anemias. The number of reticulocytes is markedly increased in these conditions, as the bone marrow attempts to compensate for rapid breakdown of red blood cells by increasing the amount of new, young red cells in the circulation. 

Hematological Methods. Hematological analyses can Include the determination of the total hemoglobin concentration (In g%), the packed cell volume (PCV In %), the red blood cell count (In 10 /mm ) and reticulocytes count (In %), calculation of the red cell Indices, examination of a blood film, tests to demonstrate the presence of Inclusion bodies and of sickle cells, tests to evaluate the distribution of fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) Inside the red cells, the red cell osmotic fragility, the concentration of serum Iron (SI), total Iron binding capacity (TIBC), and the survival time of the red cells. Details of all... 

A standard initial laboratory evaluation for anemia includes a complete blood count (evaluation of the serum hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration, white blood cell count, platelets), measurement of the red blood cell count and size, and review of peripheral smear. 

Red blood cell count (RBC) Red Blood Cell Indices Males 4.5-5.9 x 1 06 cells/mL (4.5-5.9 x 1012 cells/L) Females 4.1-5.1 x 106 cells/mL (4.1-5.1 x 1012 cells/L) The number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood also indicates anemia, but seldom used. 

Complete blood count (including hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, and white blood cell count), and platelets with differential... 

Erythrocyte count (blood) See under red blood cell count Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Westergren ... 

Decreased red blood cell counts were observed in F2 male, but not female, kits at 6 weeks of age in a two-generation reproductive study in which Ranch Wild mink were fed 0, 16, 45, or 262 mg/kg/day (males) or 0, 20, 57, or 330 mg/kg/day (females) diisopropyl methylphosphonate (Bucci et al. 1997). 

This study is supported by intermediate-duration NOAELs for hematological effects of 75 mg/kg/day in dogs (Hart 1980) and 73 mg/kg/day in mink (Bucci et al. 1994). In the Bucci et al. (1997) mink study, the next highest level, 262 or 330 mg/kg/day, produced hematological changes that included increased Heinz body counts, reticulocytes, mean cell volume, and decreased red blood cell counts. 

There were no effects on the red blood cell counts of dogs exposed to 0, 15, 48, or 260 ppm hexachloroethane for 6 weeks (Weeks et al. 1979). Although other hematological parameters were apparently determined, the red cell count was the only parameter that was specified. Accordingly, it is not possible to speculate whether inhalation exposure to hexachloroethane has any effect on other hematological parameters. 

Again, the majority of these parameters are interrelated and highly dependent on the method used to determine them. Red blood cell count (RBC), platelet counts, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) may be determined using a device such as a Coulter counter to take direct measurements, and the resulting data are usually stable for parametric methods. The hematocrit, however, may actually be a value calculated from the RBC and MCV values and, if so, is dependent on them. If the hematocrit is measured directly, instead of being calculated from the RBC and MCy it may be compared by parametric methods. 

Hematological Effects. A decrease in red blood cell counts was observed in persons exposed to a wood treatment liquid containing phenol, formaldehyde, and organic chlorohydrocarbons (Baj et al. 1994). Although only limited data were identified, hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia are considered to be well-documented complications of phenol poisoning in humans (ACGIH 1991). 

Phenol can result in hemolytic anemia. Therefore, red blood cell counts may serve as a useful biomarker of effect following exposure to phenol. Measurement of liver enzymes in the serum following phenol exposure would also be useful to determine if liver effects have occurred. 

Intermediate-Duration Exposure. Adverse effects have been reported following intermediate-duration occupational exposure to phenol (Baj et al. 1994) and intermediate-duration exposure of humans to phenol in the drinking water (Baker et al. 1978 Kim et al. 1994). The effects reported include decreased red blood cell counts (Baj et al. 1994), gastrointestinal effects, dark urine, and direct skin effects (Baker et al. 1978 Kim et al. 1994). 

Following intermediate-duration oral exposure to phenol, a decrease in red blood cell counts occurred in mice treated with phenol in drinking water at a dose of 1.8 mg/kg/day for 28 days (Hsieh et al. 1992). Other effects reported in animals following intermediate-duration oral exposure to phenol included decreased body weight gain associated with decreased water intake (NCI 1980), decreased production of antibodies, and decreases in neurotransmitter levels in the brain (Hsieh et al. 1992). The decreased red blood cell counts in the Hsieh et al. (1992) study are considered a less serious effect from which a LOAEL of 1.8 mg/kg/day for intermediate exposure can be derived. 

Consequently, proteins with this GPI anchor are diminished or absent, two of which are crucial in protecting blood cells from inappropriate complement destruction. Without these two protective proteins, PNH red blood cells, in particular, are easily burst by complement, resulting in low red blood cell count (anemia), fatigue, bouts of dark colored urine, and various other complications. 

Implantation of polymer matrices that contain angiogenic factors requires quantification of the extent of vessel ingrowth. This can either be analysed immunohistochemically or by haemoglobin/red blood cell count in the tissue. These models generally do not allow analysis of the time course of vascularization since this would require the sacrifice of animals. Application in a dorsal skin fold chamber circumvents this experimental problem, as it provides the opportunity to monitor vessel formation at various time points during the experiment. 

In another 13-week study in Fischer 344 rats, male rats that received 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 300 mg/kg/day and above had decreased hematocrit levels, red blood cell counts, and hemoglobin concentrations (NTP 1987). None of these hematologic effects were consistently seen in female rats at the same dosage level however, a decrease in mean corpuscular volume was noted in females at doses of 600 mg/kg/day or more. In a parallel study in male and female B6C3Fj mice dosed with... 

Intermediate exposures to diesel fuel aerosol induced decreases in the mean red blood cell count in rats exposed to a Ct of 8,000 or 12,000 mg hour/m 3 times/week for 3 weeks (Dalbey et al. 1987). However, the statistical significance of this effect was not clearly reported in the study. There was no significant effect on white blood cell count in these rats. Dose-response data were not reported for the individual exposure concentrations used to produce each Ct (see discussion in Section 2.2.1.1). 

Decreases in hemoglobin concentration and increases in erythrocyte, white blood cell, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte concentrations were noted in mice after acute dermal exposure to kerosene. A decrease in the splenic relative weight, which was not accompanied by histopathological changes, was also noted (Upreti et al. 1989). Oral exposure to JP-5 increased hematocrit levels, decreased white blood cell counts, and increased erythrocyte counts in rats (Parker et al. 1981). However, inhalation of diesel fuel aerosol induced decreases in the mean red blood cell count in rats and had no effect on white blood cells (Dalbey et al. 1987). 

Anemia denotes a reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, or both. Oxygen (O2) transport capacity is decreased. 

Administered in the drinking water of rats daily for 9 months, 1, 10, 100, or lOOOmg/1 chlorine dioxide caused a depression in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volumes and a decrease in erythocytic fragility. Rat body weight was decreased in all groups after 10 and 11 months of treatment. ... 

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