Time: measurement

Of course the typical seismic trace has many hundreds of reflections in it, all the way down from the surface to the deepest times measured. These days, engineers and geologists prefer to see the seismic in terms of the acoustic impedance rather than reflection data and this can be obtained by inversion from the seismic volume. Aseismic volume is made up of hundreds of thousands of traces. 

Shear Horizontal (SH) waves generated by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) have been used for sizing fatigue cracks and machined notches in steels by Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOED) method. The used EMATs have been Phased Array-Probes and have been operated by State-of-the-art PC based phased array systems. Test and system parameters have been optimised to maximise defect detection and signal processing methods have been applied to improve accuracy in the transit time measurements. 

This study was in real time measured that the reflective echo height of the bonding interface in the solid phase diffused bonding process of carbon steel and titanium using ultrasonic testing method. As a result, the following were made discernment. 

Sohaublin S, FIdhener A and Ernst R R 1974 Fourier speotrosoopy of non-equilibrium states. Applioation to CIDNP, Overhauser experiments and relaxation time measurements J. Magn. Reson. 13 196-216... 

The biological and medical sciences are ripe for iastmmentation advances. Whereas most immunoassays (qv) use radioactive materials, the implementation of chemiluminescent methods, enzyme techniques, and electrochemical methods is expected to become more important. New and better noninvasive methods of iavestigation are expected to become more routine. In addition, real-time measurements, whereby analyses of a number of... 

Biosensors ai e widely used to the detection of hazardous contaminants in foodstuffs, soil and fresh waters. Due to high sensitivity, simple design, low cost and real-time measurement mode biosensors ai e considered as an alternative to conventional analytical techniques, e.g. GC or HPLC. Although the sensitivity and selectivity of contaminant detection is mainly determined by a biological component, i.e. enzyme or antibodies, the biosensor performance can be efficiently controlled by the optimization of its assembly and working conditions. In this report, the prospects to the improvement of pesticide detection with cholinesterase sensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes are summarized. The following opportunities for the controlled improvement of analytical characteristics of anticholinesterase pesticides ai e discussed ... 

Various experimental methods to evaluate the kinetics of flow processes existed even in the last centuty. They developed gradually with the expansion of the petrochemical industry. In the 1940s, conversion versus residence time measurement in tubular reactors was the basic tool for rate evaluations. In the 1950s, differential reactor experiments became popular. Only in the 1960s did the use of Continuous-flow Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) start to spread for kinetic studies. A large variety of CSTRs was used to study heterogeneous (contact) catalytic reactions. These included spinning basket CSTRs as well as many kinds of fixed bed reactors with external or internal recycle pumps (Jankowski 1978, Berty 1984.)... 

A useftil applicadon of time-dependent PL is the assessment of the quality of thin III-V semiconductor alloy layers and interfaces, such as those used in the fabri-cadon of diode lasers. For example, at room temperature, a diode laser made with high-quality materials may show a slow decay of the acdve region PL over several ns, whereas in low-quality materials nonradiative centers (e.g., oxygen) at die cladding interface can rapidly deplete the free-carder population, resulting in much shorter decay times. Measurements of lifetime are significandy less dependent on external condidons than is the PL intensity. 

Today, dynamic random-access memories (DRAMs) are transistor/capacitor-based semiconductor devices, with access times measured in nanoseconds and very low costs. Core memories were made of magnetic rings not less than a millimetre in diameter, so that a megabyte of memory would have occupied square metres, while a corresponding DRAM would occupy a few square millimetres. Another version of a DRAM is the read-only memory (ROM), essential for the operation of any computer, and unalterable from the day it is manufactured. We see that developments in magnetic memories involved dramatic reductions in cost and... 

H longitudinal relaxation time, measured by the inversion-recovery technique, at 293 K. 

The electrical Itw-pressure impactor (ELPl) has been developed, using the Berner-type multijet low-pressure impactor stages. The cut sizes of the seven channel system range from 0.030 to 1.0 pm. Real-time measurements can be achieved due to the instrument s fast time response. The schematic representation of the impactor construction is shown in Fig 13.44. 

Ahlvik, Peter, Leonidas Ntziachristos, forma Keskinen, and Annele Virtaiien. Real Time Measurements of Diesel Particle Size Distribution with an Electrical l.ow Pressure Impactor. SAL Technical paper 980410. Reprinted from General Emissions (SP-13.3,5). lnternation.al Congress and Exposition, Detroit, February, 23-26 (1998). 

Fig. 2.19. A measured and calculated velocity versus time measurement is shown for an aluminum plate that has experienced spall failure. After the release of velocity the second and third increases in velocity represent wave reverberations within the spalled plate (after Davison and Graham [79D01]).

In addition to induction time measurements, several other methods have been proposed for determination of bulk crystallization kinetics since they are often considered appropriate for design purposes, either growth and nucleation separately or simultaneously, from both batch and continuous crystallization. Additionally, Mullin (2001) also describes methods for single crystal growth rate determination. 

Using an alternative approaeh to determine kineties, induetion time measurements were made in a reeent study of the well-mixed bateh preeipitation of... 

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