Insulin effect

Metabolic pathway Target tissue Effect of insulin Effect of glucagon... 

Protein class Gene product Insulin effect (T or 4 in transcription rate)... 

Elevation of blood glucose levels (anti-insulin effect)... 

The mechanism by which insulin impairs renal calcium reabsorption is still under investigation, but some progress has been made toward revealing that the insulin effect is directly on the renal tissues, rather than an indirect effect on other hormones or metabolites. 

Figure 6.19 Regulation of the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in liver and muscle. Insulin is the major factor stimulating glycogen synthesis in muscle it increases glucose transport into the muscle and the activity of glycogen synthase, activity which is also activated by glucose 6-phosphate but inhibited by glycogen. The latter represents a feedback mechanism and the former a feedforward. The mechanism by which glycogen inhibits the activity is not known. The mechanism for the insulin effect is discussed in Chapter 12.

The extrapancreatic effect, in the case of resistance to insulin due to a reduced sensitivity of the peripheral tissue to insulin, there is intensification of the insulin effect as a result of ... 

Chromium also slimulales fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis from acetate in liver. Thai chromium is an essential cofaclor for the action of insulin on the rat lens was shown by Parkas in 1964. In the absence of the element, no significant insulin effect on glucose utilization of lens can be demonstrated. Chromium supplementation to the donor animals resulls in a significant response of lens tissue to the hormone. Numerous other findings indicate that chromium may play several vital roles in biological systems. 

Recombinant human IGF-I is used as an adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with large daily variations in insulin effect. It is sometimes given in insulin resistance syndromes caused by changes in the insulin receptor or in type B insulin resistance syndrome caused by antibodies to the insulin receptor. 

The islet cells of the pancreas synthesize and secrete insulin and glucagon. These hormones are important in regulating glucose uptake and use, as well as in other aspects of energy metabolism. Problems in the production and effects of insulin are typical of a disease known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus can be categorized into two primary forms type 1 diabetes, which is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin, and type 2 diabetes, which is caused by a decrease in peripheral insulin effects, combined with abnormal insulin release. 

Insulin Diabetes Human (416 type-1 diabetic patients) Inhalation (Exubera ) Inhaled insulin effective, well-tolerated and well-accepted [60]... 

Licko, and R.M. Rubsamen. 2000. Pulmonary insulin administration using the AERx system physiological and physicochemical factors influencing insulin effectiveness in healthy fasting subjects. Diabetes Technol. Then 2 185-197. 

Watson GS, Bernhardt T, Reger MA, Cholerton BA, Baker LD, Peskind ER, Asthana S, Plymate SR, Frolich L, Craft S (2006) Insulin effects on CSF norepinephrine and cognition in Alzheimer s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 27 38-41. 

Insulin infusion improves both. The HGO goes down and Vglut increases until the wanted glucose level is reached. If the wanted level is 7 mM and the distribution volume for glucose is 171, this requires the uptake of 24.5 g glucose, which can take several hours even with a noticeable insulin stimulation. On the other hand, to keep G at 7 mM requires only a small insulin stimulation, because of the saturation effect. This is seen in the following way. The insulin effect on Vglut can be described by [68] ... 

In vitro, GH has many effects on adipose tissue and cells, including stimulation of lipolysis and actions on glucose utilization [89,90]. Short-term effects in vitro are mainly insulin-like (increased utilization of glucose and amino acids, glycogen synthesis, antilipolytic actions, etc.) and may be mediated by mechanisms similar to those of insulin, including dephosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase [91]. In the longer term adipose tissue and cells in vitro become refractory to the insulinlike effects of GH, and counter-insulin effects predominate and reflect the main actions seen in vivo. Receptors for GH have been identified in adipose tissue [90,92]. 

The pattern of insulin effects on the fetus makes sense if one knows which tissues have... 

Insulin effects on glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissue... 

Lipid roetaboltsm. insulin effects on. 850-851 Lipid solubility. 5 pK and. 16-17... 

Insulin action is initiated by binding of the hormone to its specific receptor at the plasma membrane. This induces a broad spectrum of distinct effects at a number of different target cells, predominantly in muscle, liver and fat. These cellular insulin effects can be divided into four categories ... 

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