Insulin disease/disorder effects

Cyclosporine appears to have promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. It has a beneficial effect on the course of rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, insulin-dependent diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriatic arthropathies in some patients. Toxicity is more of a problem in these conditions than during use in transplantation, since higher doses of cyclosporine are often required to suppress autoimmune disorders. 

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by insufficient insulin secretion or a decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. This disease is characterized by a primary defect in the metabolism of carbohydrates and other energy substrates. These metabolic defects can lead to serious acute and chronic pathologic changes. The term diabetes mellitus differentiates this disease from an unrelated disorder known as diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production or insensitivity to ADH. Consequently, the full terminology of diabetes mellitus should be used when referring to the insulin-related disease. Most clinicians, however, refer to diabetes mellitus as simply diabetes. ... 

Depression and Diabetes Mellitus. Patients with chronic medical illness have a high prevalence of major depressive disorder [59], Depression may be three times more prevalent in the diabetic population when compared with its occurrence in nondiabetic individuals [60], In addition, microalbuminuria, hypertension, and hyperinsulinemia are another three independent risk factors for cardiac disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [61], Nosadini et al. showed that peripheral insulin resistance, hypertension, microalbuminuria, and lipid abnormalities are associated with NIDDM [61], Further, Helkala et al. determined that cognitive and memory dysfunction are associated with NIDDM and explored the disease s relationship with depression, metabolic control, and serum lipids. The results showed that the NIDDM patients had impaired control of their learning processes [62], Obviously, future research examining the causal relationship of depression to the onset on diabetes and the effect of depression on the natural course of diabetes is needed [60]. 

Insulin is an endogenous hormone produced by fi-cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, which consist of two chains of amino acids. It is required to be administered by a parenteral routes as it is destroyed when given orally. Insulin is used for the control of IDDM and in the emergency management of diabetic ketoacidosis.30 Insulin promotes the intracellular uptake of potassium and is used in hyperkalemia. Baker et al.31 have used insulin and glucagon in the treatment of liver disorders. Recent evidence indicates that the effects of insulin with glucose and potassium in ischemic heart disease have proved beneficial.32 It also is used in acute myocardial infarction.32... 

Individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism or kidney disease often exhibit abnormal lipoprotein metabolism as a result of secondary effects of their disorders. For example, because LPL synthesis is regulated by insulin, LPL deficiencies leading to type I hyperlipopro-teinaemia may occur as a secondary outcome of diabetes mellitus. 

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disorder of metabolism tiiat stems from a deficiency of insulin, the hormone needed to stimulate die influx of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose into cells. In recent years, the incidence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of a number of organ systems. In addition to being a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, end-stage renal disease, and blindness, diabetes also has detrimental effects on die peripheral vasculature and die peripheral nervous system. ... 

Dietary fibers exert both functional and metabolic effects, which make them important components of the diet. In addition to the increase of satiety and improvement of bowel function and disorders associated with it (constipation and diverticulosis), the intake of fibers with food has been related to the reduction in the risk of major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, thanks to the reduction of cholesterol, of glucose in the blood and of insulin. ... 

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