Effect, of saturation

Adding lead to a fuel increases octane numbers by several points. From an RON of around 92, the increase is on the order of 2 to 3 points for 0.15 g Pb/1 and of 5 to 6 points for 0.4 g Pb/1. For higher concentrations the effect of saturation appears and additional improvement in the octane number becomes more modest. The preceding values concern the RON as well as the MON. Nevertheless, one more often observes slightly larger increases for the RON. In other words, lead addition tends to increase the sensitivity slightly (on an order of one point for 0.4 g Pb/1). 

Altkorn R and Zare R N 1984 Effects of saturation on laser-induced fluorescence measurements of population and polarization Annual Review of Physical Chemistry ed B S Rabinovitch, J M Schurr and H L Strauss (Palo Alto, CA Annual Reviews)... 

One effect of saturation, and the dependence of e on /, is to decrease the maximum absorption intensity of a spectral line. The central part of the line is flattened and the intensity of the wings is increased. The result is that the line is broadened, and the effect is known as power, or saturation, broadening. Typically, microwave power of the order of 1 mW cm may produce such broadening. Minimizing the power of the source and reducing the absorption path length t can limit the effects of power broadening. 

In other regions of the spectmm, such as the infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions, the levels m and n are further apart but it turns out that the effects of saturation may be observed when N is high but considerably less than N. ... 

There is a significant difference in the toxicological effects of saturated and unsaturated afiphatic aldehydes. As can be seen in Table 6, the presence of the double bond considerably enhances toxicity. The precautions for handling reactive unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, methacrolein [78-85-3] and crotonaldehyde should be the same as those for handling other highly active eye and pulmonary irritants, as, for example, phosgene. 

Unfortunately, excess consumption of fatty foods has been correlated with serious human disease conditions. Effects on cardiovascular disease (95), cancer (96), and function of the immune system (97) have been shown. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the effects of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on semm cholesterol and more recently high density Hpoprotein (HDL) and low density Hpoprotein... 

LDL) present in serum. The effects of saturates, polyunsaturates, and dietary cholesterol on total semm cholesterol have been quantitated (98,99) using the following equations ... 

The most widely used reference electrode, due to its ease of preparation and constancy of potential, is the calomel electrode. A calomel half-cell is one in which mercury and calomel [mercury(I) chloride] are covered with potassium chloride solution of definite concentration this may be 0.1 M, 1M, or saturated. These electrodes are referred to as the decimolar, the molar and the saturated calomel electrode (S.C.E.) and have the potentials, relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C, of 0.3358,0.2824 and 0.2444 volt. Of these electrodes the S.C.E. is most commonly used, largely because of the suppressive effect of saturated potassium chloride solution on liquid junction potentials. However, this electrode suffers from the drawback that its potential varies rapidly with alteration in temperature owing to changes in the solubility of potassium chloride, and restoration of a stable potential may be slow owing to the disturbance of the calomel-potassium chloride equilibrium. The potentials of the decimolar and molar electrodes are less affected by change in temperature and are to be preferred in cases where accurate values of electrode potentials are required. The electrode reaction is... 

Becker, N., Illingsworth, R., Alaupovic, P., Connor, W. E., Sundberg, E. E., Effects of saturated, monounsaturated, and w-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 37, 355, 1983... 

Figure 3,55 Cyclic vollammograms of Re(Bipy)(CO)3CI in CH3CN/0.l M letrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte at a button Pt electrode, and with a sweep rate of 200 mV s (a) The switching potential characteristics of the coupled chemical reactions in the ahsence of C02. The lettered redox processes are discussed in the text. (b> The effect of saturating the solution with C02. From Sullivan et al. (1985).

The adverse effects of saturated fats on the plasma Upid profile translate into adverse effects on human health. It has been demonstrated in clinical trials that there is a clear correlation between the percent of dietary energy as saturated fats and the incidence of coronary heart disease and mortality." It follows that limiting your intake of saturated fats is a prudent course of action. 

A second phenomenon of great industrial importance is the effect of saturation of the solvent on the product purity. Implicit in the derivation of Eq. (8.2) is the assumption that Dx is constant. As discussed in Chapter 2, Dx is only a constant under ideal and constant conditions (usually at trace concentrations in both phases). It changes markedly as the concentrations vary in the two phases. 

The two phenomena, namely the effect of phase ratio on the fractional recovery and purity and the effect of saturation on purity, have thus far been... 

Mollard, P. Germi, P. Rousset, A. (1977) Surface effects of saturation magnetization of fine spinel ferrite particles. Physica 86-88 B-rC 1393-1394... 

A good variety of compounds have been prepared and characterized allowing us to obtain reliable information on the chemical shifts of saturated and unsaturated ring protons. A selection of different structures are shown in Table 4. The thiazine derivatives have been organized in groups for comparison. The effects of saturation (54, 105, 106), substituents of variable electronegativity (107, 108), increasing oxidation state of sulfur (121, 122, 27-29), and deprotonation (109-111) can be observed. 

Sawhney, B. L., "Sorption and Fixation of Microquantities of Cesium by Clay Minerals Effect of Saturating Cations,"... 

The first attempts to seek a closed expression for n(t) did not include an analysis of pair correlation of defects, even at the level of pair densities, and seem at least to be ambiguous. Such an approach based on simple probabilistic considerations was first used in [24] (see also [108]). Since here we are not treating explicitly the relationship between two-particle and higher-particle densities, it is difficult to make a correct estimate of the effect of overlap of the forbiden volumes of several closely-lying defects. This leads to the need to introduce some a priori assumptions. A characteristic example is [24], where the implicit assumption of a chaotic distribution of defects through the reaction volume (along with partially taking it into account) led to a physically incorrect result - the absence of an effect of saturation of concentration doses (see Table 7.6 below and comments to it). 

The emphasis on the negative effects of saturated fat represents a focus of research that has a long history and substantial research investment. It may also imply that any saturated fat in the diet is problematic. Like calories, however, some saturated fat is desirable, but keeping the level down with the current food supply in Western societies is the challenge. It should also be remembered that there may be other food components of equal interest where the effects may be positive, and indeed the focus on whole food may take the issue further to focus on the best foods to deliver saturated fat in the diet. 

Warensjo, E., Riserus, U., Gustafsson, I. B., Mohsen, R., Cederholm, T., and Vessby, B. (2008). Effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on estimated desaturase activities during a controlled dietary intervention. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 18, 683-690. 

The fissured basalt cores and bentonite were altered by placing them in an autoclave under simulated groundwater at 320°C for 30 and 60 days to simulate 1000 y and 2000 y aging, respectively The waste-form wafers for both experiments were aged in the same manner by treating them for 17 days in saturated steam at 340°C The details of these procedures and the rationale for their use have been published previously (7). The effects of saturated steam on borosilicate glass were discussed in a recent publication (8) ... 

The next experiments consisted of irradiating the unbleached TMP pulp suspension in the presence of 1% hydrogen peroxide or 0,3% sodium borohydride. This was done to measure the influence of an oxidizing and a reducing chemical co-irradiated with the pulp suspension. Also, H202 is known to react with e solv to produce OH (equation 8). The effect of saturated nitrous oxide in pulp suspension was also studied. In presence of yrays, N20 is known to react with e-solv to generate OH. The experimental results are shown in Figure 5. 

P4. Parks, J. S.,andRudel, L. L., Different kinetic fates of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II from lymph chylomicra of non-human primates. Effect of saturated versus polyunsaturated dietary fat. ]. Lipid Res. 23, 410-421 (1982). 

At a given composition, the higher the saturation temperature, the higher the saturation pressure. For this reason, the effect of saturation temperature discussed above can be considered as the effect of saturation pressure. A study of boiling point data in the pressure range of 1 to 10 atmospheres and a wide temperature range (28) led to a simple and rough approximation of the relationship between saturation pressure and saturation temperature for common substances ... 

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