Growth Hormone Insulin effect

Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 83(5) 1477-84. 

I realize that this is a side track issue, but relevant all the same. Cycle protocols were an approach intended to facilitate optimal growth of muscle tissue. Remember there are two main muscle fiber types Type I, which is endurance orientated, and Type II which is strength orientated. Type "Ha", "Hb", and Type "He" are responsible for most musculature size and have the greatest potential for growth. Testosterone increases the number of Type II fibers at the expense of the Type I transformation. Growth hormone, Insulin, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones effect growth and hyperplasia of both fiber types. This should be another key relating to protocols that were utilized and why. 

Renal elimination of phosphorus is regulated by PTH, calcitriol, growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factors. While the above-mentioned hormones show a number of other effects, the existence of a hormone affecting selectively the extracellular concentration of phosphorus is expected. The task of this hormone with phosphaturic effect has been speculated about from the beginning of the 1990s. It was named phosphatonin, and its increased concentration is found especially in patients with osteomalacia (tumor-induced osteomalacia, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, epidermal nevus). The phosphaturic effect of... 

Endocrine function is impaired by dietary protein deficiency.64 However, much less is known about the effects of individual amino acid deficiencies on the endocrine system. Overall, reduced growth and changes in body composition are major consequences of protein and amino acid deficiencies, and among the hormones possibly involved are thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, and sex steroids. 

Because insulin promotes biosynthesis, insulin can be considered a growth hormone. Specific effects of insulin include the following ... 

Campbell, J., and Rastogi, K. S., 1966, Augmented insulin secretion due to growth hormone. Stimulating effects of glucose and food in dogs. Diabetes 15 749. 

Nickel ions have been shown to depress the in vivo and in vitro release of prolactin [336], while the release of growth hormone was stimulated, and only at relatively high ion concentrations. Hyperglycemia occurs in rats following intraperitoneal or intratracheal injections of NiCl2 [265, 337, 338], The mechanism of action of nickel appears to be inhibition of insulin release this inhibition could be related to the extremely high concentration of nickel found in the pituitary and the effect on the secretion of the pituitary hormones (growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone). 

Human growth hormone (hGH) is a polypeptide with 191 amino acids. It is secreted by the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from the liver. Most of the positive effects of hGH are mediated by the IGF-1 system, which also includes specific binding proteins. 

Figure 16.4 Effect of several hormones on the glucose/fatty acid cycle. Catecholamines, glucagon and growth hormone stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue and hence antagonise the effects of insulin.

The anabolic effects of somatropin are mediated by somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors. Somatropin is a synthetic polypeptide identical to the natural occurring growth hormone which stimulates longitudinal growth. Only preparations made with recombinant DNA technology are used nowadays. They can consist of 191 amino acids as growth hormone itself or 192 amino acids with one extra methionine. Somatropin is employed in the treatment... 

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