Insulin biochemical effect

Five of the major biochemical effects of the hormone illustrate the processes that are modified by insulin. 

Biochemical Effect. The biochemical effects of insulin include ... 

Goldwaser, I. et al., Insulin-like effects of vanadium basic and clinical implications, J. Inorg. Biochem., 80, 21-25, 2000. 

Mehdi, M.Z., S.K. Pandey, J.-F. Theberge, and A.K. Srivastava. 2006. Insulin signal mimicry as a mechanism for the insulin-like effects of vanadium. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 44 73-81. 

Taylor, W.M., D Costa, M., Angel, A., Halperin, M.L. (1977). Insulin-like effects of fluoroacetate on lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue. Can. J. Biochem. 55 982-7. 

Whatever the primary molecular alteration in diabetes might be, major disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism must occur therefore these changes will be considered first [112-115]. Studies of the metabolic alteration in diabetes and the biochemical effects of insulin are so closely interrelated that they cannot be discussed separately. Consequently, the remaining section of this chapter will deal with (1) the alterations of carbohydrate metabolism under the influence of insulin and as a result of diabetes (2) insulin s primary site of action and (3) the carbohydrate alteration of lipid and protein metabolism under the influence of insulin and diabetes. 

Hallbrucker C, vom Dahl S, Ritter M, Lang F, Haussinger D. Effects of urea on K+ fluxes and cell volume in perfused rat liver. Pflugers Arch 1994 428 552-560. al-Habori M, Peak M, Thomas TH, Agius L. The role of cell swelling in the stimulation of glycogen synthesis by insulin. Biochem J 1992 282 789-796. 

Peak M, al-Habori M, Agius L. Regulation of glycogen synthesis and glycolysis by insulin, pH and cell volume. Interactions between swelling and alkalinization in mediating the effects of insulin. Biochem J 1992 282 797-805. 

It seems likely that the metabolic effects of several hormones are mediated by adenosine 3, 5 -phosphate (cyclic AMP). The biochemical effects of this nucleotide have been discussed. 3-92 Cyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by a reaction catalyzed by adenyl cyclase and it is rapidly inactivated by a cyclic 3, 5 -nucleotide phosphodiesterase which converts it to 5 -AMP.91 Cyclic AMP levels are Influenced by numerous hormones, (catecholamines, glucagon, ACTH, Insulin, and others).91 Most of these stimulate adenyl cyclase and Increase cyclic AMP levels, however, insulin... 

Pittner, R.A., Fears, R. and Brindley, D.N. (1985). Effects of glucocorticoids and insulin on activities of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, tyrosine aminotransferase and glycerol kinase in isolated rat hepatocytes in relation to the control of triacyglycerol synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Biochem. J. 225 455—462. 

Glucocorticoids not only break down protein but also stimulate the catabolism of lipids in adipose tissue and enhance the actions of other lipolytic agents. This occurrence results in an increase in plasma free fatty acids and an enhanced tendency to ketosis. The mechanism of this lipolytic action is unknown. The net effect of the biochemical changes induced by the glucocorticoids is antagonism of the actions of insulin. These biochemical events promote hyperglycemia and glycosuria, which are similar to the diabetic state. 

Recently, a new and potentially safer technique of disruption of the BBB, called a biochemical disruption, has been developed. In contrast to osmotic disruption, this method is based on the observation that some substances can selectively open only brain tumor capillaries leaving normal brain capillaries unaffected. The substances used for this procedure are vasoactive leukotrienes, such as leukotriene C4 [113], vasoactive amines such as bradyki-nin, histamine, and the synthetic bradykinin analog RMP-7, Cereport [114], or insulin [115], The mechanism of leukotriene C4 effect was shown to be related to the abundance of g-glutamyl transpeptidase (g-GTP) in normal capillaries and its decreased amount in tumors. 

Mori, Y., Kim-Motoyama, H., Katakura, T., Yasuda, K., Kadowaki, H., Beamer, B. A., Shuldiner, A. R., Akanuma, Y., Yasaki, Y., and Kadowaki, T. (1998). Effect of the Prol2Ala Variant of the Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor y2 Gene on Adiposity, Fat Distribution, and Insulin Sensitivity in Japanese Men. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251, 195-198. 

Borthwick, A.C., Edgell, N.J., Denton, R.M. 1987. Use of rapid gel-permeation chromatography to explore the inter-relationships between polymerization, phosphorylation and activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Effects of insulin and phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochem. J. 241, 773-782. 

Laarveld B., Chaplin, R.K. and Brockman, R.P. 1985. Effects of insulin on the metabolism of acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and triglycerides by the bovine mammary gland. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 82, 265-267. 

---