Insulin resistance syndrome

Abdominal obesity is associated with a threatening combination of metabolic abnormalities that includes glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia (low HDL and elevated VLDL), and hypertension. This clustering of metabolic abnormalities has been referred to as syndrome X, the insulin resistance syndrome, or the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with this syndrome liave a significantly increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders. For example, men with the syndrome are three to four times more likely to die of cardiovascular disease. 

Disorders associated with syndrome X (insulin resistance syndrome, metabolic syndrome)... 

It is by no means impossible that the overall effect of oral contraceptives on the arterial system is exercised through a complex of different mechanisms. In this respect it is worth recalling the insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome, which comprises a set... 

Recombinant human IGF-I is used as an adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with large daily variations in insulin effect. It is sometimes given in insulin resistance syndromes caused by changes in the insulin receptor or in type B insulin resistance syndrome caused by antibodies to the insulin receptor. 

The hormone leptin is synthesized by adipocytes and is important in controlling body weight plasma leptin concentrations correlate with fat mass and insulin resistance. Leptin could be a link between obesity, insulin resistance syndrome, and treatment with some neuroleptic drugs. Plasma leptin concentrations are raised, regardless of weight, in patients taking clozapine (793). 

While the association between dairy food intake and obesity is less clear, observational studies have indicated that dairy food consumption may be protective against the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Pereira et al. (2002) reported an inverse relationship between dairy product consumption and insulin resistance syndrome in a prospective study of 3157 young adults (18-30 years) with 10 years of follow-up. Further, Mennen et al. (2000) reported that more than four servings of dairy products per day was associated with a nonsignificant inverse association with the metabolic syndrome in women, while a significant association in men was found. 

Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992 41 715-722. 

Festa A, D Agostino R, Jr, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 2000 102 42-47. 

Rett, K. 1999. The relation between insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab l(Suppl 1) S8-S16. 

Title Treatment of Insulin Resistance Syndrome and Type II Diabetes with PDE9 Inhibitors... 

Utility Treatment of Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Type II Diabetes... 

Benzothiophenes, (in), prepared by Yamasaki (2) and thiazole-benzoisothiazole dioxide derivatives, (IV), prepared by Petry (3) were effective as cGMP-PDE inhibitors and used as blood sugar level-depressing agents in the treatment of insulin resistance syndrome associated with Type II diabetes. 

D-Glucopyranoside derivatives containing l,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one, (V), and lH-indazole, (VI), prepared by Urbanski (4) and Patel (5), respectively, were effective in treating insulin resistance syndrome and reducing related risk factors for the development of Type II diabetes. 

Das UN. A defect in the activity of A and desaturases 39. may be a factor predisposing to the development of insulin resistance syndrome. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essen. Fatty... 

Kopp HP, Kopp CW, Festa A, Krzyzanowska K, Kriwanek S, Minar E, et al. Impact of weight loss on inflammatory proteins and their association with the insulin resistance syndrome in morbidly obese patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vase. Biol. 2003 23 1042-1047. 

Rustan AC, Nenseter MS, and Drevon CA (1997). Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the insulin resistance syndrome. Upid and lipoprotein metabolism and atheroscloosis. Amuds New York Acad. Sciences 827,310-326. 

Widen E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR, Groop LC. Association of a polymorphism in the p3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 1995 333 348-351. 

S. Reynisdottir, B. Angelin, and D. Langin, et al.. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. Contrasting findings in familial combined hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance syndrome, Arterioscler. Thromh. Vase. 

Abdominal obesity is associated with the metabolic syndrome, which is a precursor to hypertension and insulin-resistance syndrome that may progress to type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and ultimately, cardiovascular disease. ... 

Insuhn resistance and the components of the insulin resistance syndrome are described below. 

The association of insulin resistance with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors including hyperinsuhnemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and coagulation abnormahties has been referred to by a variety of names including the insuhn resistance syndrome, the metabolic syndrome, the dysmetabolic syndrome, and the deadly quartet, to name a few. Since the description of the insulin resistance syndrome by Reaven in 1988, the number of associated factors has continued to grow. 

Prevalence. The insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is common in the United States. Ford and colleagues analyzed the data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES III) carried out in 1988-1994." The sample included 20,050 persons age 17 years and over, with glucose tolerance testing performed in 3,302 persons aged 40 to 74 years. Twenty six percent of this population had three or more of the metabolic abnormalities defined by the NCEP-ATP. The prevalence of the IRS increases with age, with 33% affected at age 40, 40% at age 50, and 50% by 60 years of age. The prevalence of the IRS also differs in various ethnic groups, with 52% of Mexican-Americans affected, compared to 36% of African-Americans and 40% of Caucasians. 

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