Nutrition in infants

Shulman RJ, PhilUps S. Parenteral nutrition in infants and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003 36 587-607. 

In the only study that has investigated total parenteral nutrition in infants, intakes of 150ml/kg/day, with no enteral component, suppfied a mean iodide intake of... 

Filler, R. M., and Coran, A. G., 1976, Total parenteral nutrition in infants and children Central and peripheral approaches, Surg. Clin. N. Amer. 56 395. 

O Neill, J. A., Meng, H. C., Caldwell, M. D., and Stahlman, M. T., 1976, Metabolic evaluation of a synthetic amino acid mixture for parenteral nutrition in infants and children, J. Pediatr. Surg. 11 979. 

Animal studies indicate that nutritional deficiencies in a number of essential elements (e.g., calcium, iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus) may impact the toxicokinetic and toxicological behavior of lead (ATSDR 1993 Chaney et al. 1989). In infants and children, lead retention has been shown to be inversely correlated with calcium intake (Johnson and Tenuta 1979 Sorrell et al. 1977 Ziegler et al. 1978). Zinc has been shown to have a protective effect against lead toxicity in a number of animal species (Goyer 1986 Haeger-Aronsen et al. 1976 Brewer et al. 1985 Cerklewski and Forbes 1976). 

Pinelli, J. and Symington, A. (2005) Non-nutritive sucking for promoting physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 19, CD001071. 

To define the incidence of fractures and rickets that we were encountering in infants who required prolonged parenteral feeding, we reviewed the roentgenograms of a series of preterm infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis and who required at least four weeks of total parenteral nutritional support (4). These data are recorded in Table I. 

Vitamins occur naturally in many foods and raw materials. However the natural contents are often supplemented in many food products to ensure an adequate intake, for example in infant formulae, breakfast cereals and clinical nutrition products. Vitamins are usually added as nutrients and thus not covered in this chapter but may also be added as food colours (riboflavin, carotenes). The reader should refer to the following references for recent developments in... 

Human adult needs for this vitamin (vitamins) are not established quantitatively. Most human studies have involved preventing or curing rickets in infants or children, and the recommended daily allowance of the Food and Nutrition Board is 400 units. Even among "normal" children, however, there is evidence of variation in vitamin D needs. According to Spies and Butt,38 "The activated milk does not exhibit sufficient potency in vitamin D for the prevention of rickets in cases in which a susceptibility exists" (italics added). They note that "susceptible" children may require 5,000 to 10,000 units daily. 

Laurherg P, Nphr SB, Pedersen KM, Fuglsang E (2004) Iodine nutrition in breast-fed infants is impaired by maternal smoking. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 181-187... 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

As discussed in section 8.2.5, lysozyme has been isolated from the milk of a number of species human and equine milks are especially rich sources. In view of its antibacterial activity, the large difference in the lysozyme content of human and bovine milks may have significance in infant nutrition. It is claimed that supplementation of baby food formulae based on cows milk with egg-white lysozyme gives beneficial results, especially with premature babies, but views on this are not unanimous. 

Hansen, A. E., Haggard, M. E., Borlsche, A. N., Adam, D.J.D. and Wiese, H. F. 1958. Essential fatty acid in infant nutrition. III. Clinical manifestations of linoleic acid deficiency. J. Nutr. 66, 565-576. 

Mendez, A. and Olano, A. 1979. Lactulose. A review of some chemical properties and applications in infant nutrition and medicine. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 41, 531-535. 

Deficiency of folic acid is a common nutritional problem of worldwide importance.13 A recommended daily intake is 0.2 mg, but because of the association between low folic acid intake and neural tube defects in infants, women of child-bearing age should have 0.4 mg / day.c e... 

MG Sliva, AE Green, JK Sanders, JR Euber, JR Saucerman. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in infant formulas and enteral nutritionals. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 75 566-571, 1992. 

BT Jacoby, FT Henry. Liquid chromatographic determination of folic acid in infant formula and adult medical nutritionals. J AOAC Int 75 891-898, 1992. 

H29. Huisman, T. H. J., Amino acids in connection with nutrition of infants and children. Voeding 19, 138-151 (1958). 

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