Feeding in fishes

Black, D. (1983). The metabolic response to starvation and re-feeding in fish. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland. 

Fauconneau B (1984) The measurement of whole body protein synthesis in larval and juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol 78B 845-850 Fauconneau B (1985) Protein synthesis and protein deposition in fish. In Cowey CB, Mackie AM, Bell JG (eds) Nutrition and feeding in fish. Academic Press, London Fauconneau B, Aguirre P, Blanc JM (1990) Protein synthesis in different tissues of mature rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri R.). Influence of triploidy. (In Press)... 

KOLKOVSKI s (2004) Marine fish larvae diets - current status and future directions , IF International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, 2-1 May, Phuket, Thailand. 

Hard pellets are the type preferred if the species under culture will accept them. Semimoist feeds are most commonly used in conjunction with feeding young fishes and species that find hard pellets unpalatable. Moist feeds, which contain high percentages of fresh fish, are usually available only in the vicinity of fish-processing plants. 

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

Animal Feed. In animal feeds (1—3% lecithin) lecithin is an emulsifier wetting and dispersiag agent energy source antioxidant surfactant source of choline, organically combiaed phosphoms and iaositol and Hpotropic agent. It is used ia a milk replacer formula for calves (approximately 10,000 t of lecithin ate used for this purpose) and for veal production, ia mineral feeds, poultry feeds, fish foods, pet foods, and feeds for fur-beating animals (30). 

Another major incident concerning methyl mercury was the severe pollution of Minamata bay in Japan (see Box 8.1). Here fish, fish-eating and scavenging birds, and humans feeding upon fish all died from organomercury poisoning. There may have been localized declines of marine species in this area due to methyl mercury, but there is no clear evidence of this. 

Other applications — P-carotene is used in various pet foods as both a colorant and a precursor to vitamin A. It can be applied to an array of animal foods designed for dogs, cats, fish, and birds. The antioxidant and precursory vitamin A properties increase the appeal and application of P-carotene in pet foods. Additionally, P-carotene is an important carotenoid that may assist in improving the color of birds, fish, and crustaceans. Dunaliella salina can serve as a source of algal feed for fish and crustaceans. The microalgae provide carotenoids that are essential for flesh coloring, particularly of salmon and crustaceans. 

De Swart, R.L. et al., Impairment of immune function in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted waters, Ambio, 23,155,1994. 

Burbot, a bottom-feeding fish, taken from remote lakes in Canada in 1985--1986, contained liver concentrations of mirex ranging between 3.7 and 17.4 pg/kg (ppb) lipid weight (detection limit, 0.5 p g/kg), while photomirex was not detected. The lowest mirex values were seen in fish from the most remote locations, suggesting that atmospheric transport of this compound was occurring (Muir et al. 1990). 

A6, B24, M17). Cholesterol feeding is known to increase apo-B100 and LDL concentrations considerably apparently without changing Lp(a) and apo(a) levels. Only diets enriched in fish oils have been reported to lower plasma Lp(a) concentrations (D7, G25, H10, M23, N4), probably as result of a reduced apo-Blon synthesis and therefore reduced hepatic Lp(a) synthesis. 

Phycotoxins accumulate in fish and shellfish because of the natural feeding habits of the respective organisms, rather than because of food handling or processing practices. The toxins causing the diseases discussed in this chapter are heat stable (Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2001 Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products, 1991). Complete inactivation of saxitoxin (associated with PSP) requires at least ten minutes of exposure to 260°C dry heat. Brevetoxins (associated with NSP) were inactivated (i.e., to levels below the limit of assay detection using Japanese medaka [Oryzias latipes]) by exposure to 500°C heat for 10 to 15 minutes (Poli, 1988). Complete inactivation required 10 minutes exposure to 2760°C dry heat (Wannamacher, 2000). 

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