Breast milk containing

Bound glutamates in proteins are very common in food. Human breast milk contains ten times as much as cows milk, and tomato juice contains four times as much as breast milk. However, free glutamate, as found in soy sauce or prepared foods, enters the bloodstream much faster than the glutamates bound in proteins, which are released slowly during digestion. 

There is some evidence that, in these patients, the interconversion between the polyunsaturated fatty acids is disturbed, which restricts the formation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Such children are less likely to have been breastfed (breast milk contains these omega-3 fatty acids) they are more likely to suffer from allergies associated with essential fatty acid deficiency and also dry skin and hair and the membranes of the erythrocytes contain less omega-3 fatty acids compared with normal children. So far, the results of supplementation of the diet of these children with this disorder have not been conclusive. 

Human milk is a s)mergistic package of essential nutrients and bioactive components. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption is associated with health benefits for many immune-related conditions (Table 2.1). Breast milk contains the nutrients necessary to support the development of the infant s immune system as well as other components that defend against infection. This includes various antimicrobial substances, factors that promote immime development, constituents that promote tolerance and the priming of the infant immime system, as well as anti-inflammatory components. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the evidence for the immune benefits of human milk. 

Studies also consistently show that children who were breastfed as infants suffer less from allergies, asthma, diabetes, colitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. They also have higher I.Q. scores. Breast milk contains special substances that help guide the development of the brain after birth. 

Bone et al.20 originally showed that MP was as highly variable in the infant retina as it is in the adult retina. Z is the dominant carotenoid in the center of the adult retina and L predominates in the periphery (thus, in vivo measures of MP account mostly for zeaxanthin concentration). This ratio appears to be reversed in the infant retina, where L dominates in the center (at this point, of course, the macula is quite immature and similar to the periphery). Although all of the factors responsible for the wide variation in infant MP have not been studied, dietary intake of L and Z is still clearly necessary. Whereas MP can be manipulated in the adult via intake of xanthophyll-rich foods, the obvious concern with infants is that food options are limited to breast milk or manufactured infant formulas. Breast milk contains at least 300 defined nutrients, whereas most infant formulas contain approximately 60-70 defined nutrients76 Currently, infant formula does not contain L and Z in other than trace amounts,76 and many formulas are completely devoid of L. In contrast, breast milk contains L and Z in concentrations that are approximately proportional to maternal intake of these carotenoids.77 These observations are important since many infants are exclusively formula fed. Johnson et al.21 showed that breast-fed infants and formula-fed infants had the same levels of plasma L and Z at birth. After 1 month, however, plasma L and Z significantly increased for the breast-fed infants and decreased in the formula-fed infants. This implies that retinal levels in formula-fed infants are also low. 

Children can be exposed to DEHP if they eat food or drink water contaminated with DEHP or if they breathe in the chemical from ambient or indoor air. Small children can also be exposed by sucking on or skin contact with plastic objects (toys) and pacifiers that contain DEHP, as well as by ingestion of breast milk containing DEHP. Children also can be exposed to DEHP if they undergo certain medical procedures that require the use of flexible tubing such as that used to... 

The milk sample was hydrolzyed and extracted as described in the experimental section. The hexane extract was then analyzed for the presence of neutral, nonpolar cannabinoids, (A and A -THC, CBN, CBN). Breast milk contains 2-6% fats, the exact content varying with maternal diet. Hexane extracts a large amount of fat from the milk, making analysis of trace cannabinoids in this matrix difficult. Triglycerides, the major lipid components of milk, are difficult to elute from reverse phase columns and thus a normal phase separation was used for the milk extract. 

Fat is the most variable component of human milk and although the fat content of breast milk is markedly influenced by lactation, fat composition remains relatively constant. Breast milk contains primarily fatty acids containing 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Of these, oleic (Ci8 i), palmitic (Ci6 o), linoleic (Ci8 2> w-6), and a-linolenic acid (Ci8 3 -3) are most abundant in... 

Breast milk contains a small quantity of vitamin D and doctors used to think that babies could obtain adequate amounts if they also spent time in sunlight, which stimulates the body to produce vitamin D. However, growing concerns about skin cancer and recommendations that children wear sunscreen and avoid excessive exposure to the sun may put some children at risk of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. The new recommendations were prompted by reports of dozens of cases of rickets throughout the US in recent years (Gartner et al., 2003). 

In the absence of inadequate endogenous synthesis, vitamin D must be obtained from dietary sources or from supplements. Few foods contain vitamin D except for the flesh of fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), fish liver oils, and eggs from hens fed feed enriched with vitamin D. In the United States, all commercially produced milk is fortified with vitamin D2 at a level of 400 IU/L (1 IU = 0.025 fig of vitamin D3). Therefore, in the United States (and other economically advanced countries) most dietary vitamin D is obtained from milk and other vitamin D2-fortified foods. Both vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are converted at the same rate to 25-hydroxyvitamin D by a hydroxylase in the liver and are equally active as a prohormone. Because dietary uptake of vitamin D is dependent on normal fat absorption, conditions in which fat malabsorption is present can result in vitamin D deficiency. Because breast milk contains little vitamin D, vitamin D deficiency can occur in infants who are solely breastfed, are not exposed to adequate sunlight, and are not receiving vitamin D supplements. The adequate intake of vitamin D for children is 5 pg/day (200 IU/day) (Table 30-2). 

Clyne PS, Kulczycki A, Jr. Human breast milk contains bovine IgG. Relationship to infant colic Pediatrics 1991 87(4) 439-44. 

The RDA for biotin has not been established. The requirement for biotin has been established as 30 to 100 pg/day. Biotin is produced by the gut microflora, which, it has been estimated, supplies half of our requirement. The rate of transport of free biotin by the gut cell is higher in the jejunum than in the ileum and is very low in the colon. Despite the low level of transport in the colon, it is apparently sufficient to allow supply by vitamin produced in the gut. The digestion of dietary proteins results in the release of the constituent amino acids and of biotin in the form of lysyl-biotin. Lysyl-biotin is further cleaved to lysine and biotin by biotinidase, an enzyme of the gut mucosa. The enzyme is present in milk and in the bloodstream as well, Biotin in human blood plasma occurs at a concentration of about 4 nM (Velazquez ef /, 1995). Nearly all of the biotin in human milk is free and not bound to proteins. Breast milk contains biotin at concentrations of about 25 nM (MiKik et al., 1997a),... 

The RDA for magnesium Ls 4,5 mg/kg body weighf. Thus, ihe KDA for a 70-kg marr is 315 mg. The typical intake of Mg in the United States Ls about 300 mg/day. Plants and meats contain about 0.2 to 0.3 mg Mg/kg of food- Milk is a relatively poor source of Mg. Human breast milk contains about 1.4 mM magnesium- Thus, a typical rate of milk production 750 ml/day) results in the loss of about 1.0 ntmol... 

The typical Western diet supplies about 100 mg of carnitine per day. Meat and milk are good sources beef contains about 500 mg/kg, and cow milk contains 5 to 40 mg/kg of fluid. Hen eggs and plant food contain little or no carnitine. The trimethyllysine present in food proteins contributes, to a very small extent, to the carnitine made in the body. There is, however, some concern about a transient deficiency of carnitine in newborn infants fed camitine-free diets. Soy-based infant formula may lack carrutine, and the neonate seems to have a lesser capacity to synthesize the cofactor than adults. Breast milk contains high levels of carnitine after about a month of lactation, the content declines to about half of its mitial value. There is little evidence that the lowered levels of plasma carnitine found in infants fed soy formulas are associated with an impairment of the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. 

Peditrace parenteral solution contains 1.3p.g/ml potassium iodide, equivalent to 1 pgiodide/kg/day. The iodine intake of newborn babies is entirely dependent on the iodine content of breast milk or formula preparations. Breast milk contained more iodine than most of the formulas, especially those for premature babies. It is... 

DHA and AA doses were added based on well-established criteria. Term infant daily formula intake is 100 kcal/kg body weight (20) of 100 kcal, 50% of energy comes from fat. On average, breast milk contains 0.6% of total fatty acids as AA and 0.3% as DHA (1,21). Diet 1 was formulated to have mean AA and DHA levels of 0.6 and 0.3%, respectively. AA and DHA were provided by ARASCO and DHASCO, which contain 40% A A and 40% DHA, respectively. 

In the United States it is common medical practice to supplement infant formula with iron sometime during the first year of life. However, iron supplements are not necessary for infants who breastfeed because breast milk contains two specialized proteins, lactoferrin and transferrin, which provide sufficient iron while denying its availability to bacteria. Even for infants fed with infant formulas, supplementing with iron during the first several months of life may be ill-advised. 

Protein digestibility and amino acid composition differ among the various forms of protein. Standard infant formulas and breast milk contain whole protein where all amino acids form a complex bond or polypeptide. Other infant formulas contain protein hydrolysates where protein is... 

Note (In breast-fed infants, the lower end of the protein goal is usually sufficient, since breast milk contains less protein than infant formula, but it is of high biological value)... 

If a mother is breast-feeding her infant, it is possible to design a PKU diet to allow her to continue feeding from the breast. Mature breast milk contains less protein, and thus less phenylalanine, than an equivalent amount of regular infant formula (Table 10.2). The goal is to provide the appropriate amount of breast milk... 

Although breast milk contains lactose, some clinics allow breastfeeding as long as metabolic control can be maintained [3, 4]. If appropriate metabolic control cannot be maintained, a soy formula may be added (either partially or fully) depending on laboratory and clinical status (Box 27.3). 

Conn et al. [8] made a detailed discussion about the average daily intake of lactic acid from food sources that was estimated as 924 mg/day for those 2 years of age and older. In addition, 377 mg/day for calcium lactate was estimated for the same group. Regarding infants consumption of lactic acid, breast milk contains 60 mg/L of L-lactic acid with an estimated daily intake as high as 10 mg/kg. From a different perspective, a breast-fed infant weighing 4 kg would consume about 36 mg of L-lactic acid/day from both, human and formula milk. 

Since human milk has unique properties not found in other milks, it is the best initial food for infants. The use of breast milk will reduce the possibility of allergic reactions to protein or other components of cow s milk formulas. In addition, breast milk contains a smaller amount of casein, and therefore forms smaller and softer curds in the stomach. This makes it easier to digest by the infant whose digestive processes are not fully developed. 

Available evidence indicates that only around 5-10% of the daily intake of linoleic acid can be converted to GLA and beyond. For a 60 kg adult with a dietary intake of 5-20 g/day of linoleic acid, the endogenous rate of formation of GLA will be 250-1000 mg/day or around 4-17 mg/kg body weight/day. Human breast milk contains 10C)-400 mg/1 of GLA-f-DGLA. A 5 kg baby consuming 1 litre of milk per day receives 20-80 mg/kg body weighl/day of these two acids combined (Horrobin, 1992). 

Shortages of vitamin K are very rare but individuals suffering from liver disease or who are unable to absorb fat are at risk. New-born babies have low stores of vitamin K. They may be at risk of vitamin K shortage since breast milk contains low levels and new babies are unable to make vitamin K in their intestines. 

---