Humans hormones

The main source of hormones is thus the excretions of the human population and livestock. The make-up and rate of hormone excretion by humans and animals varies as a function of their sex, age, state of reproduction and development, and for animals, their species (Table 3 [67, 79-83]). Human excretions are generally collected in sewers, while animal hormones are concentrated in manure thus, high levels of free and conjugated estrogens have been measured in raw sewage and manure [67, 79, 84-88]. Human hormones will eventually enter the environment mainly via wastewater treatment plants while hormones produced by animals reach the environment via direct excretion in fields or by manure spreading (treated or not) on the land. 

Based on the above principles, it might be assumed that a therapeutic protein obtained by direct extraction from human sources (e.g. some antibody preparations) or produced via recombinant expression of a human gene/cDNA sequence (e.g. recombinant human hormones or cytokines) would be non-immunogenic in humans whereas foreign therapeutic proteins (e.g. non-engineered monoclonal antibodies) would stimulate a human immune response. This general principle holds in many cases, but not all. So why do therapeutic proteins of human amino acid sequences have the potential to trigger an immune response Potential reasons can include ... 

High molecular weight substance New production route Fairly well-known Extensive Human hormones, e.g., hGH, hPTH... 

D Yamashiro, CH Li. Adrenocorticotropins. 44. Total synthesis of the human hormone by the solid-phase method. J Am Chem Soc 95, 1310, 1973. 

Protropin (rhGH, differs from human hormone only by containing an additional N-terminal methionine residue. Produced in E. coli)... 

PTH is a single-chain polypeptide composed of 84 amino acid residues that is devoid of disulfide bonds and has a molecular weight of 9500. Biological activity of the human hormone resides primarily in the amino terminal end of the protein (i.e., amino acids 1-34). This portion of PTH has full biological activity both in vivo and in vitro. Synthetic fragments of the 1-34 portion of the PTH molecule have been synthesized. A paraneoplastic hormone, PTH related peptide (PTHrP) has been identified, isolated, and synthesized. PTHrP is... 

AC2993/pept. structurally correlated to the human hormone glucagon-like peptide-1... 

Apati, A., Janossy, J., Brozik, A., Bauer, P. I. and Magocsi, M., 2003, Calcium induces cell survival and proliferation through the activation of the MAPK pathway in a human hormone-dependent leukemia cell line, TF-1, J Biol Chem, 278, pp 9235-43. 

The radioimmunoassay of insulin permits detection of insulin in picomolar quantities. The assay is based on antibodies developed in guinea pigs against bovine or pork insulin. Because of the similarities between these two insulins and human insulin, the assay successfully measures the human hormone as well. 

Estradiol is one of the main female sexual hormones it is also the structural backbone for the engineering of some synthetic estrogens, such as ethynyl estradiol or mestranol, used in human hormone treatments. Both natural and synthetic estrogens are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).6,362 Many of these substances and their metabolites end up in the environment where... 

Figure 8.11 Separation of a mixture of human hormones (a) total ion current (TIC) profile (b) UV profile (254 nm). Conditions injection volume, 60 nl capillary, 25 cm x 250 /xm I.D. PEEK capillary, C18, 5 /xm flow rate, 1 /xl/min gradient, 40-80% acetonitrile in 25 min. Peaks 1, nortestosterone 2, testosterone 3, diethylstilbestrol 4, methyltestosterone 5, medroxyprogesterone , diethylstilbestrol impurity. (Reprinted from Ref. 26 with permission.)...

The human hormones somatostatin, growth hormone, and insulin are examples of proteins synthesized in large amounts by genetically modified E. coli. 

Several other variants of GH have been described, particularly for the human hormone, including potentially the product of a second GH gene [132]. It remains uncertain, however, as to whether any of these has real significance or whether the normal (22K) form of GH is sufficient to explain all significant effects of the hormone, the variant forms being simply side products of little or no importance. 

The human hormone bradykinin is a nonapeptide with a free —NH3 at its N terminus and a... 

Two types of human hormone are steroidal—the sex hormones such as oestradiol and testosterone and the adrenal hormones such as cortisone. Cholesterol is a steroid too, as is vitamin D, derived from ergosterol. 

Here is one of Johnson s best examples which leads eventually to a biomimetic synthesis of the human hormone progesterone. The cydization occurs just on treatment of the tertiary alcohol with acid. 

A prostate secretory protein PSP94 has been reported to suppress prostate cancer growth in a mouse disease model (Procoyn Biopharma, London, Ont.). The results suggest that protein induces cell death specifically in cancer cells refractory to human hormones. 

Sources of therapeutic Insulin preparations (A). Porcine insulin differs from human insulin by one B-chain amino acid. Owing to the slightness of this difference, its biological activity is similar to that of human hormone. 

John R Giesy, Shane Snyder and coworkers from the Institute of Environmental Toxicology at Michigan State University studied effluents from several different types of municipal waste water treatment plants in central Michigan. They also came to the conclusion that human hormones (17 -estra-diol) and synthetic hormones (ethinylestradiol), not industrial chemicals with estrogenic activity, in the efQuents caused male fish to produce vitellogenin, a well-accepted indicator of endocrine disruption [145d]. 

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