Human growth hormone synthesis

HC Beyerman, EWB De Leer, J Floor. On the repetitive excess mixed anhydride method for the synthesis of peptides. Synthesis of the sequence 1-10 of human growth hormone. Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas 92, 481, 1973. 

DKPs are simple and easy to obtain and are quite common by-products of synthetic, spontaneous, and biological formation pathways. DKP formation has been well documented as side reactions of solid-phase and solution-phase peptide synthesis. In addition, DKPs have been shown to be decomposition products of various peptides, proteins, and other commercial pharmaceuticals. Cyclic dipeptides were found to be present in solutions of human growth hormone, bradykinin, histerlin, and solutions of agents within the classes of penicillins and cephalosporins. " DKPs are also enzymatically synthesized in several protists and in members of the plant kingdom. Hydrolysates of proteins and polypeptides often contain these compounds and they are commonly isolated from yeasts, lichens, and fungi. ... 

Table 1.10. Some pharmaceutical substances originally isolated from animal sources. While some are still produced by direct extraction from the native source, others are now also produced by direct chemical synthesis (e.g. peptides and some steroids), or by recombinant DNA technology (most of the pol5 peptide products). Abbreviations hGH = human growth hormone FSH=follicle stimulating hormone hCG=human chorionic gonadotrophin HSA=human serum albumin HBsAg=hepatitis B surface antigen...

To avoid the formation of dimers, high-dilution conditions have been used for the synthesis of intrachain trisulfides derivatives of vasopressin1 11 and a peptide related to the C-terminal region of human growth hormone.1131 Typically, a 0.07 mM solution of a peptide containing two thiol groups is reacted with one equivalent of A(A -thiobisphthalimide under the conditions described in the experimental procedure of Section 6.2.1.2.1.1 workup, purification procedures, and yield are identical. 

The synthesis of the human growth hormone by DNA recombination is of major significance in view of the difficulties of total synthesis. 

Growth hormone is a potent anabohc agent that stimulates protein synthesis, cell growth, and osteoblast activity. Recombinant human growth hormone has been used... 

Fermentation in its simplest forms, such as the production of bread or wine, is very old technology. In its application with recombinant DNA to produce pharmacologically active proteins (erythropoetin, human growth hormone, human insulin), it is central to the modem biotechnological revolution. In between, it is the method for production of antibiotics and vitamin B12 and provides a step in the production of vitamin C and the synthesis of cortisone from diosgenin. 

One of the first applications of genetic engineering was the synthesis of human insulin. Previously, diabetics usually had to use either pig or cow insulin, which is not exactly the same as human insulin. Today, most insulin used is produced using Exoli. Human growth hormone is also commercially produced by using recombinant DNA technology. 

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