Human glycoprotein hormones

J. Hiyama and A. G. C. Renwick, Separation of human glycoprotein. hormones and their subunits by reversed-phase liquid chromtogra-phy, J. Chromatogr., 529 33-41 (1990). 

Studies on the sub-units of human glycoprotein hormones in relation to reproduction have been reviewed. " One volume of a treatise on hormonal proteins and peptides has been devoted to thyroid hormones. The ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and its a- and /J-sub-units has been discussed. ... 

Scheme 8 Synthesis of the a-subunit of human glycoprotein hormones, a-hOPH[l-92]...

Chlenov, M.A. Kandyba, E.L Nagornaya, L.V. Orlova, I.L. Volgin, Y.V. High-performance liquid chromatography of human glycoprotein hormones, J.Chromatogr., 1993, 631, 261-267. 

The principal compounds that act as inhibitors of viral protein synthesis are the interferons. These compounds are members of a naturally occurring family of glycoprotein hormones (RMM 20 000-160 000), which are produced by nearly all types of eukaryotic cell. Three general classes of interferons are known to occur naturally in mammals, namely the a-interferons produced by leucocytes, P-interferons produced by fibroblasts and y-interferons produced by T lymphocytes. They form part of the human immune system. It is believed that the presence of virons and pathogens in the body switches on the mRNA that stimulates the production and release of interferons. These interferons are thought to stimulate the production of proteins that inhibit the synthesis of viral mRNA and viral proteins. a-Interferons also enhance the activity of T killer cells. 

Siddle, K., and Soons, M., Monoclonal antibodies for human pituitary glycoprotein hormones and rabbit immunoglobulin. In "Monoclonal Antibodies and Developments in Immunoassay" (A. Albertini and R. Ekins, eds.), pp. 53-66. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. 

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone encoded by a gene on the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q) and 90% is produced in the kidney (the remainder in the liver and other sites) in response to hypoxia. The anaemia of chronic renal failure is largely due to failure of the diseased kidneys to make enough erythropoietin. The principal action of the hormone is to stimulate the proliferation, survival and differentiation of erythrocyte precursors. The manufacture of erythropoietin for clinical use became possible when the human gene was successfully inserted into cultured hamster ovary cells. 

Typical biological compounds that are separated by HIC include, cytochrome P-450, enzymes, DNA polymerase, epidermal growth factor, glycoprotein hormones, human immunoglobulins, human recombinant DNA and canine pancreatic juice proteins. Many HIC techniques have been used for large scale purification of proteins. 

Grover J, Griffin J, OdeU W. Ultrasensitive, specific, two-antibody immunoradiometric assay that detects free alpha subunits of glycoprotein hormones in blood of nonpregnant humans. Clin Chem 1991 37 2069-75. 

R21. Rosen, S. W., Sohlaff, S., and Roth, J., Anti-human follicle stimulating hormone complete cross reactivity with three other human glycoprotein trophic hormones, luteinising hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin and thyrotropin. In Protein and Polypeptide Hormones, Proc. Int. Symp. (M. Margoulies, ed.), Part 2, pp. 396-397. Exoerpta Med. Found., Amsterdam, 1968. 

Anterior pituitary hormones are classihed into three families the somatomammotropin family (GH and PRL), the glycoprotein hormones (LH, FSH, and TSH), and the opiomelanocortin family (ACTH, /i-endorphin, and related peptides). These three families appear to have evolved from three separate ancestral polypeptides homologous members of each family occur in other parts of the body. For example, human placental lactogen (hPL) is somatomammotropic, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone, and the brain and gut produce substances related to endorphins (enkephalins and dynorphin). 

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Like other glycoprotein hormones, it consists of an a-chain linked to a 3-chain by disulfide bonds. The a-chain is identical... 

One of the best-known examples of this class is interferon (a glycoprotein), which has shown much promise as an antiviral agent and in the treatment of cancer (71). Numerous polymers (mostly polyelectrolytes) are effective in inducing the production of interferon in animals (72). Other well-known bioactive polypeptides are insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), human growth hormone (HGH), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone most of these have been synthesized, and some derivatives have been prepared (73). Some small bioactive polypeptides are the nonapeptides bradykinin, vasopressin, and oxytocin bioactive derivatives have been made for many of these also (74). 

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