Vesicular stomatitis

Rhab do viridae Hesicu/ovirus vesicular stomatitis generalized of Hvestock... 

The antiviral activity of (5)-DHPA in vivo was assessed in mice inoculated intranasaHy with vesicular stomatitis vims ( 5)-DHPA significantly increased survival from the infection. (5)-DHPA did not significantly reduce DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis and is not a substrate for adenosine deaminase of either bacterial or mammalian origin. However, (5)-DHPA strongly inhibits deamination of adenosine and ara-A by adenosine deaminase. Its mode of action may be inhibition of Vadenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (61). Inhibition of SAH hydrolase results in the accumulation of SAH, which is a product inhibitor of Vadenosylmethionine-dependent methylation reactions. Such methylations are required for the maturation of vital mRNA, and hence inhibitors of SAH hydrolase may be expected to block vims repHcation by interference with viral mRNA methylation. 

The nucleotide form of ribavirin does not manifest its antiviral activity simply by lowering the GTP levels, but may indeed participate directly in binding to specific G proteins (124). Ribavirin has recently been studied as an inhibitor of vesicular stomatitis vims and La Crosse vims (125). Of the phosphorylated forms of the dmg, ribavirin-5 -diphosphate was by far the most potent inhibitor of viral repHcation for these two vimses. 

Mudd, J.A., and Swanson, R.F. (1978) In situ crosslinking of vesicular stomatitis virus proteins with reversible agents. Virology 88, 263-280. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, peste des petits ruminants, photosensitisation, nasal botfly infestation, pneumonia, akabane infection, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, contagious ecthyma, polyarthritis, footrot, foot abscesses, plant poisonings, and coenurosis. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rinderpest, infectious bovine rhino-tracheitis, bovine herpes mammillitis, malignant catarrhal fever, Peste des petits ruminants, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, and foot rot in cattle, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease, and foreign bodies or trauma. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, rinderpest, bluetongue, foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, pneumonic pas-teurellosis, photosensitive dermatitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, theileriosis, rabies, and the tick-borne encephalitides. 

Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. September 27,2001. 

Technical Disease Card for Vesicular Stomatitis." April 22, 2002. 

Hirayama J, Abe H, Kamo N, Shinbo T, Ohnishi-Yamada Y, Kurosawa S, Ikebuchi K, Sekiguchi S (1999) Photoinactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus with fullerene conjugated with methoxy polyethylene glycol amine. Biol Pharm Bull 22 1106-1109. 

In this connection, the use of insoluble agents as photosensitizers seems promising. This approach, in particular, has been realized in respect to the suspension of crystal fullerene C60 (Kasermann and Kempf, 1997, 1998). Its marked advantage is that there are no byproducts of the destruction of fullerene and the compound can be easily removed from the solution by centrifugation. The high efficiency of C60 in viral inactivation has been demonstrated for specific enveloped viruses such as Semliki forest vims (SFV) and vesicular stomatitis vims (VSV) (Kasermann and Kempf, 1997, 1998). The inactivation was achieved in a model system where the vims was suspended in a saline buffer solution. The addition of 2% bovine serum albumin did not affect the kinetics of the photoinactivation of the vims. 

Vandenbroeck et al.7 used an ELISA to determine the recovery of immu-noreactive porcine interferon-gamma (IFN-y) from E. coli inclusion bodies. The ELISA used a polyclonal coating antibody with detection by a MAb. The inclusion bodies were solubilized in diluted 6 M guanidine/HCl and IFN subsequently refolded by its removal. The antiviral activity of the interferon was measured with a bioassay using the cytopathic effect (CPE) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on bovine kidney cells. The results of this study showed that the immu-noreactivity measured by ELISA matched the biological activity measured by bioassay. 

One experimental tool in this direction is provided by some enveloped animal viruses which mature at the cell surface of infected cells (K Sri inen and Renkonen, 1977 Lenard, 1978). Such viruses include influenza virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). They are extremely simple in makeup and hence are very well characterized. They can be tagged with biochemical probes in many different ways. They infect many animal cells in culture, and after infection turn the cells into factories for the production of virus progeny. The protein-synthesizing machinery of the host cell is programmed by the viral RNA to make viral proteins exclusively and these include the viral surface glycoproteins. These are synthesized with signal peptides and inserted into the ER membrane (Katz et ai, 1977 Garoff et... 

Anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro and in vivo was also found in wogonin and baicalein (Fig. 4), the major active constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria radix.More recently, Blach-Olszewska et al investigated the effect of baicalein and wogonin on two important mechanisms of innate immunity The secretion of cytokines, and the natural resistance of human leukocytes to viral infection. The results obtained indicate that these fiavonoids modulate cytokine production, that is they inhibit interferons-a and -y, and stimulate tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin production. They also augment the resistance of peripheral blood leukocytes to the vesicular stomatitis virus. 

The following cell cultures and virus have shown to be suitable MDBK cells (ATCC No. CCL22), or Mouse L cells (NCTC clone 929 ATCC No. CCL I) as the cell culture and vesicular stomatitis virus VSV Indiana strain (ATCC No. VR-158) as the infective agent or human diploid fibroblast FS-71 cells responsive to interferon as the cell culture, and encephalomyocarditis virus (ATCC No. VR-129B) as the infective agent. 

Anionic polyelectrolytes have been shown to enhance resistance to bacteria and fungi, enhance immune response, inhibit adjuvent arthritis and either depress or stimulate phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system [458,459]. Carboxylic acid polymers have shown interferon induction, antiviral activity, and tumor growth inhibition [460]. The effects include inhibition of sarcoma, leukemia, polyoma and vesicular stomatitis virus. In one application, the cytotoxicity of bleomycin toward cultured mammalian cells was synergisti-cally enhanced by stirring in the presence of high molecular weight polyfacrylic acid) [461]. 

Other mutants of Chinese-hamster ovary-cells having decreased amounts of lipid-linked oligosaccharides are known, although they are less well characterized. G-Protein of vesicular stomatitis virus grown in one of these mutants appeared to contain fewer, but full-sized rather than truncated, oligosaccharide side-chains. There may be insufficient amounts of oligosaccharide precursor available for transfer to nascent glycoproteins.172... 

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