Respiratory viruses

RNAi-Based Strategies Against Respiratory Viruses.254... 

Bitko V, Musiyenko A, Shulyayeva O, Barik S (2005) Inhibition of respiratory viruses by nasally administered siRNA, Nat Med 11 50-55... 

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common medical conditions in the United States, affecting about 1 billion people annually.1 It is caused mainly by respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus but also can be due to allergies or environmental irritants. Only 0.5% to 2% of... 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Shanmukh, S. Jones, L. Driskell, J. Zhao, Y. P. Dluhy, R. Tripp, R. A., Rapid and sensitive detection of respiratory virus molecular signatures using a silver nanorod array SERS sub strate, Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2630 2636... 

Tenuazonic acid has a broad toxicity spectrum and is regarded as a mycotoxin [28]. It was first detected as a growth inhibitor of tumour cells (human adenocarcinoma), and was later shown to have weak antibacterial and, at high dose levels (100-500 p,g/ml), antiviral activity towards poliovirus MEF-1, enterovirus (ECHO-9), respiratory viruses (parainfluenza-3), vaccinia and Herpes simplex (HF). It has been shown to be an inhibitor of peptide bond formation in preventing substrate binding to acceptor site of peptidyltransferase in human ribosomes [29]. 

Several methods of viral classification are in use. Classification based upon epidemiological criteria, such as enteric or respiratory viruses, is useful, but of more significance are schemes based upon the morphology of the virion (symmetry, envelope, etc.) and lype of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA, number of strands, polarity, etc.)... 

Although highly controversial, evidence has been presented in the literature which suggests that vitamin C could be involved in increasing tissue resistance to respiratory viruses (15). 

Acute bronchitis is caused most commonly by respiratory viruses and almost always is self-limiting with therapy targeting associated symptoms, such as lethargy, malaise, or fever (ibuprofen or acetaminophen), fluids for rehydration, and in some patients cough suppressants. The routine use of antibiotics should be avoided. 

Hicks KL, Chemaly RF, Kontoyiannis DP. Common community respiratory viruses in patients with cancer More than just common colds. ... 

Genetic makeup of organism Ribonucleic acid (RNA) respiratory virus... 

According to this theory, viral and bacterial infections might prevent the induction of allergen specific Th2 cells because they establish Thl-biased immunity. Viral (except some respiratory viruses) and bacterial infections that induce strong Thl responses tend to inhibit the development of bystander allergen-specific Th2 cells (Herz et al. 2000) through the production of IFN-y, lL-12 and lL-18 at the site of naive T-cell priming. 

Respiratory virus infections (respiratory syncitial virus [RSV], parainfuenza viruses, influenza viruses and adenoviruses) are all highly contagious and symptomatic individuals should be isolated before virologic confirmation is available. To prevent progression of RSV from the upper to the lower respiratory tract, aerosolized ribavirin may be used alone or in combination with RSV-specific antibodies or palivizumab, an RSV-specific monoclonal antibody (Boeckh et al., 2001). 

Avadhanula V, Rodriguez CA, Devincenzo JP, Wang Y, Webby RJ, Ulett GC, Adderson EE (2006) Respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species- and cell type-dependent manner. J Virol 80 1629-1636... 

Ljungman P (1997) Respiratory virus infections in bone marrow transplant recipients, the European perspective. Am J Med 102 44 -7... 

A highlighted section described the disablement of p53, the tumor suppressor gene that prevents viral DNA rephcation Science, November 7, 1997, p. 1057). This is accomplished by means of adenovirus, which is a human respiratory virus. By removing the viral gene that disables p53, it was reasoned that the virus would selectively infect only cells in which the p53 was nonfunctional — that is, cancer cells. It is necessary that the virus be injected directly into the tumor, as if injected... 

Except for adenovirus, IFN has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against respiratory viruses. However, prophylactic intranasal IFN-a is protective only against rhinovirus colds, and chronic use is limited by nasal side effects. Intranasal IFN is ineffective in established rhinovirus colds. 

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