Olive plant

Bertolini, E. Penyalver, R. Garcia, A. Olmos, A. Quesada, J. M. Cambra, M. Lopez, M. M. Highly sensitive detection of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savas-tanoi in asymptomatic olive plants by nested-PCR in a single closed tube./. Microbiol. Meth. 2003,52, 261-266. 

Extract was prepared from the leaves and roots of two years old olive plants with water at room temperature. Internal standard as D-3-0-methylglucopyranose(MeGlu) was used and added In appropriate volume. Extraction was accomplished by shaking for 15 min and finally the suspension was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Before the injection the aqueous phase was filtered and passed on a cartridge OnGuard A (Dionex)to remove anion contaminants. 

Cataldi TRI, Margiotta G, Iasi L, Di Chio B, Xiloyannis C, Bufo SA. Determination of Sugar Compounds in Olive Plant Exracts by Tknion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Tkmperometric Detection. /Analytical Chemistry 2000 72 3902-3907. 

A European patent by Kuno and Matsumoto [43] describes the use of olive plant extract as an effective and stable whitening and antiaging agent. This extract is believed to have strong active oxygen elimination function such that it can eliminate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and also effectively inhibit melanin production. 

P. savastanoi strain isolated from infected oleander plants (see above), proved to be virulent on both oleander and olive plants, while olive strain was shown to be virulent only on the host plant. The molecular basis of this host-pathogen specificity is poorly understood. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) and cell-wall LPS of phytopathogenic bacteria have been correlated with pathogenesis its chemical structure and tridimensional conformation may play a role in the early infection process and in the determination of plant-bacteria interaction specificity [92]. The LPS of three strains of P. savastanoi were isolated and the structure of their O-chain portion were determined by chemical and NMR spectral analysis. For all the strains the O-chain consists of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of three a-L-Rhap and one terminal non-reducing a-D-Fuc-p3NAc. Two rhamnosyl residues are 3-linked and the third one 2,3-linked as reported [93]. 

Calcium elenolate (LXVI) whose structure has just been revised from an open chain aliphatic dialdehyde is also a wide spectrum extracellular virus inactivator, as might possibly be expected from comparison of its structure with that of Kethoxal. The acid is obtained from extracts of olive plants and its calcium salt has a minimal effective concentration of 0-75 per cent when tested intranasally in hamsters infected with parainfluenza 3. This concentration applied six times in 28 hours had no toxic effects and aborted the virus infection. A concentration of 0-6 per cent tested intranasally in rabbits over an extended period produced mild to moderate changes in the nasal epithelium, but a 1 0 per cent nasal spray four times daily for 14 days was well tolerated in humans [245-247]. 

In 1789 and 1790, I had a great number of olive plants, of the best kind, sent from Marseilles to Charleston, for South Carolina and Georgia. They were planted, and are flourishing and, though not yet multiplied, they will be the germ of that cultivation in those States. 

Natural Products - Calcivim elenolate (Vl) was isolated from acid hydrolyzed aqueous extracts of various parts of olive plants and shown to be virucidal for a wide variety of... 

Cataldi, T.R.I., Margiotta, G., Iasi, L. et al. (2000) Determination of sugar compounds in olive plant extracts by anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. AnflZ. Chem., 72, 3902-3907. 

BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY OF Oc-LINOLENIC ACID IN OLIVE PLANT LEAVES... 

In the present study, we try to investigate the 18 3 synthesis in olive plant leaves ( 18 3 - plant) by labelling kinetics with sodium (l- C) acetate as precursor. 

Labelling experiments were carried out on young olive plant one year aged. Microdroplets of the radioactive solution (specific radioactivity 1,94GBq/ mmole) were deposited on the surface of the first leaf from the top. Leaves were harvested after different times of incubation (2,4,6,12,24 and 48 h) and rinsed with distilled water. Lipids were extracted in chloroform -methanol (1 2, v v) then separated by thin layer chromatography. The obtained fatty acids were analysed by radio gas chromatography. Details of the methods have been given elsewhere (6). 

Kinetics of (t- C) acetate incorporation into total fatty acids of olive plant leaves. 

Kinetics of (1- C) acetate incorparation into fatty acids of PC and DGG of olive plant 1 eaves. 

One could believe that 18 1 was desaturated on DAG molecule before galacto-sylation and formation of DGG as it was proposed by KESRI-BEN HASSAINE(5) on Carthamus cotyledons, but the distribution of the radioactive precursor into DAG fatty acids in olive plant leaves (data not shown) indicated that only palmitic and oleic acids were labelled at any time of incubation. This lead us to think that the two desaturation steps of oleic acid could take place on DGG molecule (see the following scheme). However in the absence of a direct evidence this must remain merely as a hypothesis. 

Olive plants fruited after four years and olive fruits were harvested at different periods during the ripening cycle. Lipid extraction and separation and methyl esters analysis have been described in a previous paper (Marzouk et Cherif, 1981). 

J. W. Grisard and G. D. Oliver, The Hapor Pressure and Heat Hapori ation of Bromine Trifluoride, R-25, Plant Report R-766, U.C.C. Nuclear Co., Oak Ridge, Term., June 8, 1951. 

Phylloquinone (vitamin Kl) is the form of vitamin K synthetized by mainly green leafy vegetables and such also appears in plant oils (soybean, cottonseed, canola, olive). Both are good sources for a daily supply, although the need of such a supply is still under discussion. Table 1 shows some good sources and their content of vitamin Kl. 

Oliver s method is still used, in a modified form, at some BkPdr plants Ref VanGelder Schlatter (1927), 215-16... 

The primary cell walls of most higher plant species contain XGs of the XXXG type, which bear trisaccharide side chains (8) on the backbone [247]. The seeds of many plants contain XXXG-type XGs, in which about 30% of the xylose units possess a /3-D-Galp residue attached to position 2. Several plant species produce XGs that lack fucose and galactose, and have a-L-Ara/ attached to 0-2 of some of the Xylp side-chains, such as XG isolated from olive fruit [262] and soybean (Glycine maxima) meal [263]. However, a-L-Ara/ residues occur also 2-linked directly to some of the Glcp residues of the backbone [154]. 

Historically, the absorption of lipid-soluble nutrients has been considered to be carrier-independent, with solutes diffusing into enterocytes down concentration gradients. This is true for some lipid-soluble components of plants (e.g. the hydroxytyrosol in olive oil Manna et al., 2000). However, transporters have been reported for several lipid-soluble nutrients. For example, absorption of cholesterol is partly dependent on a carrier-mediated process that is inhibited by tea polyphenols (Dawson and Rudel, 1999) and other phytochemicals (Park et al., 2002). A portion of the decreased absorption caused by tea polyphenols may be due to precipitation of the cholesterol associated with micelles (Ikeda et al., 1992). Alternatively, plant stanols and other phytochemicals may compete with cholesterol for transporter sites (Plat and Mensink, 2002). It is likely that transporters for other lipid-soluble nutrients are also affected by phytochemicals, although this has not been adequately investigated. 

Roca, M. and Mmguez-Mosquera, M.L, Involvement of chlorophyllase in chlorophyll metabolism in olive varieties with high and low chlorophyll content, Physiol. Plant, 117, 459, 2003. 

Gandul-Rojas, B., Roca, M., and Mmguez-Mosquera, M.L, Chlorophyll and carotenoid degradation mediated by thylacoid-associated peroxidative activity in olives (Olea europaea) cv. Hojiblanca, J. Plant. Physiol., 161, 499, 2004. 

On the other hand, agricultural wastes can be alternatively used as substrates for edible biomass production. Cotton plant stalks [8], maize residues [9], olive milling wastewater [10] have been tested for cultivation of Pleurotus sp. fruiting body. 

Chlorella, aquatic plant, grass, hay, spruce twigs and needles, olive leaves, peach leaves, tobacco leaves Bovine muscle, bovine liver, pig kidney, milk powder, cereals, single cell protein, butterfat, fish oil, animal feed-stuffs, textiles... 

The main difference between oils and fats is that oils are liquid at room temperature and fats are solid at room temperature. Oils, such as olive oil or corn oil, usually come from plant sources and contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids. Fats, such as butter and lard, contain an abundance of saturated fatty acids and generally come from animal sources. 

The choice of alkali was more difficult. In Leblanc s time, the alkali was generally a carbonate (C03) or hydroxide (OH) of potassium or sodium extracted from the ashes of salt-rich plants. For example, northerners made an odoriferous soft soap by burning wood and boiling its ashes with animal fat or fish oil. In Spain, Marseilles, Genoa, and Venice, hard Castile soap was made by boiling olive oil with the ashes of seaweed and shore plants. 

Olive Soybean Palm oil Olive tree (O/ea europea) fruits Soy plant (Glycine max) beans Palmtree (Elaeis guinnesis) fruits Mediterranean sea area China China, India, West Guinea Food, cosmetic Food Food... 

In particular, olive oil contains a high percentage of oleic acid in comparison to the oils of other plants (see Table 13.3). 

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